He needs help, but most other community advocates and organizers, including Rivera, are also volunteers and are challenged with the same capacity issue. The interaction of whites with Blacks. Perlstein, R. (2008). The council member, who has worked to stem out-of-scale development in the Brooklyn community of Bushwick, denounced micro-developments such as bodegas turning to coffee shops and increased bike lanes. Black on the block: the politics of race and class in the city. This is actually a high figure given that the number of Blacks living in West and North Brooklyn is very small (Fig. 11). 15) and after all gentrification denotes the replacement or displacement of existing residents by more affluent newcomers. Tags: new york city,covid-19,gentrification,brooklyn,solutions for economic equity,mutual aid. Co-Operative Platform Ownership Is Keeping Artists in Business, Metro Boston to Get More Creative with City Planning, German Artists Are Selling Their Work to Fund Housing for the Homeless, 3 Cities Make Affordable Housing Plays to Hold on to Artists, Chester Artists Revitalizing Corridor on Their Own Terms, In New York, Chinatowns Cultural Power Steps Out of the Basements and Into the Mainstream, These Lawsuits Could Turn The Tide On Section 8 Discrimination, Local Laws Against Income Discrimination Arent Enough To Protect Residents, The Weekly Wrap: Supreme Court Opens The Doors For Fossil Fuel Lawsuits, A Chicago Nonprofit Shows How To Create An Aboveground Railroad For Migrants. As the rents of North Brooklyn (neighborhoods such as Williamsburg and Greenpoint) increased, many whites began to move to East Williamsburg and Bushwick. It resulted in the hoarding of benefits and resources by white populations through the denunciation of Black advancement and the embrace of political entrepreneurs from the right (C. Anderson 2016; Delmont 2016; Hannah-Jones 2012; Perlstein 2008). In West and North Brooklyn, the interaction index of whites with Blacks is extremely low while in Black Brooklyn, the interaction index is currently 54.3. When New York City emerged as the countrys first epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, community advocates in Brooklyn, the city borough seen by many as the poster-child for gentrification in America, needed to revise their response to their communities amid a new housing emergency. Redlining and the home owners loan corporation. Dyker Heights News. Low numbers mean that only a small proportion of whites is living next to Blacks. Special section of the Journal of Urban History 46(5). Community care, lamentably, is often only considered in times of crisis, which Tobar hopes to one day move away from. Otherwise, I use three indices to measure racial segregation. Wilder, C. S. (2000). In 2011, I spent 4months conducting ethnographic research in Bedford Stuyvesant. Whites in East New York did not worry about this trend because the industrial quadrant was isolated and quite undesirable; it was filled with deteriorated housing, empty lots, junkyards, automotive body yards, and industry. Source: American Community Survey, 2018. The housing justice movement across Brooklyn needs allies, especially among newer residents (including those who took advantage of the fallen rent prices, only for them to rebound). Presumably, influenced by the presidency of Barack Obama and arguments about the emergence of a post-racial America, Glaeser and Vigdor made an optimistic assessment of racial segregation in the USA and in the process reinforced Eduardo Bonilla-Silvas concept of color blindness (Bonilla-Silva 2006). Interaction index of whites with Blacks at the block group level, 20002018. Brooklyn - New York security map and area description folder, RG 195, box 58, Home Owners Loan Corporation, National Archives. Journal of Urban History, 29(4), 394420. (Eds.). 18). The same can be said for other frontline groups across the boroughand the citythat had arisen to respond to the needs of their communities long before. By the mid-1970s, most of Black Brooklyn (Fig. The second section was occupied by whites, usually comprised of better housing, and was often a site of white neighborhood defense. Sociologists and other social scientists have concluded that American metropolitan areas remained hyper-segregated for most of the twentieth century with Black residents being racially isolated and clustered together in certain geographical parts (Logan 2013; Logan et al. Most Brooklyn neighborhoods that eventually became majority Black had two sections. Downtown Brooklyn and its environs also became the focus of transnational investment with thousands of luxury condominiums being built in the area (Chronopoulos 2016). 9). (2012). Gentrification is one of the most emotionally loaded words in Brooklyn. Comparing to Northwest Black Brooklyn, North Brooklyn in its entirety is experiencing more moderate levels of gentrification. J Afr Am St 24, 549572 (2020). Black Brooklyn comprises of the following neighborhoods: Fort Greene, Clinton Hill, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, Brownsville, Ocean Hill, East New York, Canarsie, Flatlands, East Flatbush, Flatbush, parts of Bushwick, and parts of downtown Brooklyn. Her current projects explore gentrification's racial operations in her hometown of Brooklyn, New York, and their role in the making and unmaking of the borough's Black communities. If we consider North Black Brooklyn, a similar trend has occurred. Of course, none of this is to say that Southern Brooklyn has cheap real estate. 10). (1993). Woodsworth, M. (2016). Cypress Hills is home to Highland Park which officially opened in 1903. Logan, J. R., Stults, B. J., & Farley, R. (2004). Some have stuck around for. In a general sense, the movement of whites to parts of Black Brooklyn epitomizes the back-to-the-city movement (Hyra 2015), the dynamic nature of New Yorks economy, the desire to live near choice locations, a perception that New York is safer and more orderly (Chronopoulos 2020), and an acceptance of racial diversity by younger whites. Smaller areas provide us with more accurate segregation numbers, as they subdivide space even more. In recent decades, large portions of Brooklyn, including parts of Black Brooklyn have been gentrifying with sizable numbers of whites moving to traditionally Black neighborhoods. Second, neighborhoods with a majority Black population are included even if not every census tract was majority Black in 2000. Since the project has a historical dimension, it is the trends that offer us explanations over what happens when an area gentrifies. This small portion was the neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant and areas around it (Federal Home Loan Bank Record 1935). Blacks in this area are still experiencing isolation, though to a much lesser degree than 18years ago. Now, they had to make sure that their neighbors could survive there as they sheltered in place. . White rage: The unspoken truth of our racial divide. Source: U.S. Census Survey of 2000, Map of Northwest Black Brooklyn in 2018. It's true that generally speaking, gentrification is understood as the revival of urban areas through the arrival of higher-income residents, coffee shops, upscale eateries, artsy galleries and the like. In Northwest Black Brooklyn, whites became the numerical majority after 2013 (Figs. At the macro-level, when it comes to gentrification and racial segregation, Black Brooklyn is compared to West and North Brooklyn and to the entire borough of Brooklyn. The most substantial decline was from 1950 to 1980. Log in here. Although I worked in various parts of Bed-Stuy, I regularly conducted participant-observation research in the area between Gates Avenue and DeKalb Avenue on Malcolm X Boulevard. 21). Anderson, C. (2016). This means that 77.4% of Blacks (or whites) would have to move in order to achieve complete desegregation. One would anticipate racial segregation to be declining in Brooklyn and especially in the areas that are gentrifying. Its like, okay enough of that. Source: U.S. Census Surveys, 19402000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018. African Americans, gentrification, and neoliberal urbanization: the case of Fort Greene, Brooklyn. I Live in This Neighborhood Too, Though: the Psychosocial Effects of Gentrification on Low-Income Black Men Living in Washington, D.C. Whose Turf, whose Town? The northeastern part of East Flatbush having the worst housing and located adjacent to Bedford-Stuyvesant, Crown Heights, and Brownsville changed first. Chronopoulos, T. (2019). There are now ten Starbucks in Brooklyn and counting. Race and ethnicity in West and North Brooklyn, 19402018. The cause of the fire . I have heard that this is a . However, in Northwest Black Brooklyn, an area experiencing intense gentrification, and where the number of whites surpassed that of Blacks after 2013, the declines in segregation are not as remarkable and the interaction index of whites with Blacks is getting too low for an area where the numbers of whites and Blacks are not too apart from each other. Delmont, M. F. (2016). This index also takes into consideration both the spatial distribution of racial groups and their numbers. The Center for Brooklyn History provides this guide for researchers of neighborhood change and gentrification in Brooklyn. New York: New Day. The pandemic only made visible to the outside world the robust network of collectives and organizations already in place to provide mutual aid to the Black and brown communities they served, and well before the racial justice uprisings of that summer inspired community care. 12, there are many small middle-class areas surrounded by low-income areas. This continued to be the case, even as their numbers and their incomes increased. The first section was smaller, comprised of decrepit housing, and became the home of minorities because whites abandoned it. They analyze the order custom research papers cheap research papers is paramount, we urge students to find cheap research papers with your disposal all year long, you have at. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. From 2000 to 2018, the number of whites increased substantially and the number of Blacks declined (U.S. Census Survey, 2000 and American Community Survey, 20092018). The trend in Northwest Black Brooklyn is actually the most challenging to the idea of racial desegregation, since it went from 70.4 in 2000 to 37.3 in 2018. At the micro-level, Black Brooklyn is compared to Northwest Black Brooklyn (Figs. 14). Add to My Calendar 04/25/2023 04:00 pm 04/25/2023 06:00 pm America/New_York East New York Reads Homework Help Brooklyn Public Library is offering in-person homework help sessions via the East New York Reads Initiative to school aged students at Cypress Hills Library. My only concern, is the safety. The worst decline is in Northwest Black Brooklyn where the percentage of these households has declined from 46.4 in 1980 to 22.8% in 2018. Pattillo, M. (2007). Public housing projects accepted only white or Black tenants, depending on whether they were built in white or Black neighborhoods (Schwartz 1993). 20). North Black Brooklyn lost 61,886 Black residents. More than 100 protesters took to the streets on Saturday to march nearly 10 miles around Brooklyn, starting in Downtown and ending in East New York, in a seven-hour demonstration against. Cypress Hills saw a 30 percent drop in property prices while the supposedly up-and-coming Red Hook only saw a relatively stagnant 10 percent boost. Connolly, H. X. Since 2000, this has changed. By August 2021, the median asking rent in Brooklyn had nearly returned to a pre-pandemic high, according to StreetEasy data. Source: Five-Year American Community Survey, 2017. I love reading our uplifting articles about mutually beneficial projects in cities where artists are elevated. (1985). Living apart: how the government betrayed a landmark civil rights law. And just in case you wanted to see where it was happening, well, Property Shark has a map for you. 3). In Northwest Black Brooklyn, it declined from 65.3 in 2000 to 31.9 in 2018. About. In C. Agee & T. Chronopoulos (Eds. Moreover, approximately 40% of households in North Black Brooklyn, Black Brooklyn, and Brooklyn have changed tenancy during the same period (Fig. The area of Black Brooklyn where whites moved the most is North Black Brooklyn (the neighborhood of Crown Heights and north in Figs. Large numbers of whites may be moving to Black neighborhoods, but this does not translate to racial desegregation. All members are automatically signed-up to our email newsletter. One day, I would like to see us move beyond just struggling and be able to enjoy the fruits of all that struggle, she says. Chronopoulos, T. (2017). This area is experiencing the most extreme gentrification pressures in Black Brooklyn and recently became majority white (Fig. This article discusses gentrification and racial segregation in Brooklyn with an emphasis on Black Brooklyn (Fig. In Black Brooklyn, the decline is not as extreme; in 1980, 39.3% of households made less than $25,000 each year while in 2018 this figure had declined to 30.2%. In 2000, most census blocks in Northwest Black Brooklyn were majority Black (Fig. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. New York: Columbia University Press. There is also a very small percentage of Blacks living in other parts of Brooklyn. Some parts of North Black Brooklyn (such as Northwest Black Brooklyn) are experiencing intense gentrification pressures while most of North Black Brooklyn is experiencing more moderate gentrification pressures. Fewer Brooklynites are being spared the consequences of the bloated housing markets latest turn, so it pays to be in community with their neighbors. Since its founding in 2015, the Coalition has advocated tirelessly and mobilized the community to advocate for safe, affordable housing, tenant protections against displacement, living-wage jobs and better services to our community. The Coalition authored a plan for East New York rezoning efforts during the beginning stages of the rezoning process. This means that 35.1% of the areas Black (or white) residents would have to move in order to achieve complete desegregation. The monetary figures are those of 2000 and are not adjusted for inflation ($1 in 2000 is approximately $1.49 in 2020). The numbers of whites also more than doubled in Black Brooklyn between 2000 and 2018 (Fig. (1977). In T. Chronopoulos & J. Soffer (Eds. This figure is not as troublesome by itself, except that the number of whites is still quite small in Black Brooklyn and if the area was residentially less segregated, the interaction index would be higher. Racial segregation crystalized and intensified in Brooklyn for a number of interrelated reasons. Now, people are understanding that this is just the beginning of it being inaccessible for everyone, says Mi Casa member Cynthia Tobar, the housing justice advocate behind the oral history project Cities for People, Not for Profit: Gentrification and Housing Activism in Bushwick. The very people who come into these neighborhoods and gentrify are being outpriced and stay a shorter time because they cant afford it. Harlem as setting and symbol (pp. They cited the lack of subway lines for their outlook, though they also desired the cultural infrastructure that other locations provided. Anyone investing in Cypress Hills/East NY Brooklyn? Before the pandemic, Flatbush was one of the latest Brooklyn neighborhoods earmarked for economic restructuring, which invited more police presence, surveillance and criminalization of its mostly-Black longtime residents. This article explores the relationship between gentrification and racial segregation in Brooklyn, New York with an emphasis on Black Brooklyn. [35] [36] Geography [ edit] My plan would be to live in one unit, and rent out the other unit. Black population in each borough of New York City, 19002018. A ghetto grows in Brooklyn. Logan, J. R. (2013). Gentrification may bring Starbucks to a formerly underserved community, but it also brings devastation for people who are displaced when rents skyrocket and they can no longer afford to live in old neighborhoods. Focusing on the racial segregation of Blacks in relation to whites, Glaeser and Vigdor argued that American cities are more integrated than during any other time since 1910, that all-white neighborhoods no longer exist, that gentrification, immigration, and Black suburbanization are undermining historically high degrees of segregation, and that ghetto neighborhoods are becoming more diverse (Glaeser and Vigdor 2012). Today, however, its characterized more by its music and art scene, populated by out-of-state transplants and young professionals. A former journalist, Henry is careful about the narratives being projected onto his community, like images that evoke relief work, powerlessness, or destitution. The isolation index of Blacks in relation to whites has declined in gentrifying areas, though it still remains high, especially after the large influx of whites. Public policies also contributed to the eventual racial segregation of neighborhoods and Brownsville represents such a case. Berkeley: University of California Press. Middle- and upper-middle class whites are increasingly relocating to certain African American neighborhoods displacing and replacing Black people (Chronopoulos 2016, 2019; Hyra 2017; Prince 2014). Black picket fences: privilege and peril among the black middle class. They have been flooding certain less affluent areas in Brooklyn since the beginning of the 2000s. In the beginning, this research was mostly about the relationship between broken windows policing and stop and frisk. Although urban neighborhoods in the USA have been gentrifying since the 1960s, whites usually gentrified white or Latinx neighborhoods. Between 2000 and 2018, the entire borough of Brooklyn lost 60,878 Black residents. The back-to-the-city movement: neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement. The Black population of New York City grew rapidly in the twentieth century and up until the 1950s, the majority of this population lived in Manhattan (Fig. We really emphasized that this was a community effort rooted in the fact that mutual aid is practiced every day within migrant communities of color and so many political movements, says Henry. Urban Geography, 30(2), 118142. Neither Furman nor another report. How East New York became a ghetto. Race, class, and politics in the cappuccino city. Glaeser, E., & Vigdor, J. This article explores the relationship between gentrification and racial segregation in Brooklyn, New York with an emphasis on Black Brooklyn. However, so many of them also wanted to talk about the gentrification of the area by whites and the likelihood that so many African Americans would be displaced from the area. Percentages of householders moving into housing units by decade (this figure includes newly built housing units). There are also a number of people of Puerto Rican ancestry (12.8%), and residents who report Dominican roots (12.2%), and some of the residents are also of South American ancestry (11.7%), along with some Sub . New York: Bloomsbury. Gentrification is an economic phenomenon fueled by hope and its downside corollary: distress. The white population of Brooklyn declined between 1940 and 2000 (Fig. In recent years, Northwest Black Brooklyn has become majority white (Fig. That makes it all the more difficult to organize when everyone in a position to help is stretched for capacity and trying to survive themselves: Tobar herself has had to readjust her role as she returned to work with the rest of New York. Its not solidarity work. Chronopoulos, T. (2011). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 11) and this has not changed for more than 50years. Abello will send original reporting that helps you keep up with the latest solutions for leveling the playing field in cities. 4) or moved out of Brooklyn entirely (Fig. From 1980 to 2000, the number of whites slightly increased while the number of Blacks remained almost the same (U.S. Census Survey, 19802000). Its a lot of work, he admits. Source: U.S. Census Survey, 2000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018. Why busing failed: race, media, and the national resistance to school desegregation. the countrys first epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic, the poster-child for gentrification in America, police presence, surveillance and criminalization, had nearly returned to a pre-pandemic high, Cities for People, Not for Profit: Gentrification and Housing Activism in Bushwick. New York City was under lockdown, forced to a standstill as the death toll spiked to four times the citys normal rate, and nightmarish scenes from its streets were televised across the nation. . E4Fs work reflected that evolution, focusing on anti-gentrification and anti-displacement organizing, police accountability work, and community rapid-response as an alternative to 911, while also providing emergency housing, rental assistance and eviction defenseall of which took on a new shape during the pandemic. In recent decades, the western and northern parts of Brooklyn are among the most rapidly gentrifying areas in the USA and this has a ripple effect in Black Brooklyn where majority Black neighborhoods are in the process of becoming majority white. Its more about being a conscientious neighbor and coming into communities mindfully, and trying to contribute to these neighborhoods rather than being extractive and destroying whats there, says Tobar. Moreover, the dissimilarity index of Brooklyn is 77.4 (Fig. Somewhat distant from Manhattan, Cypress Hills is suitable for those looking for larger spaces at an affordable cost, without totally trading in urban life for the 'burbs. Hyra, D. (2015). Provide your address to receive a free gift. Something similar happened in East Flatbush which became almost exclusively Black in the 1960s. My Brooklyn. After 2013, the white population became the majority of the area for the first time in almost 60years. In that sense, the Black population of Black Brooklyn shifted south and east (Figs. Hillier, A. E. (2003). Moreover, Northwest Black Brooklyn is a part of North Black Brooklyn. As African Americans encountered housing shortages and racial barriers, they moved to the limited number of areas that they could. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In North Black Brooklyn, Black isolation declined from 94.3 in 2000 to 79 in 2018. Dissimilarity index at the census tract level, 19702018. Rieder, J. Federal Home Loan Bank Record. : Harlem as setting and symbol. Middle-income minority families bought houses at inflated prices during the early 1960s (Thabit 2003). People need to care more; I dont know how else to say it, says Travis. This neighborhood is located near the East New York part of Brooklyn and borders the Woodhaven and Ozone Park areas of Queens. Moreover, whites were not prepared to risk the downgrading of their areas by accepting the settlement of Blacks and other minorities and tried everything to make existing non-white residents move away (Connolly 1977; Pritchett 2002; Wilder 2000). Whats happened to the people who called Brooklyn their home and have been displaced or replaced because of gentrification? In the Cypress Hills neighborhood in Brooklyn, NY, residents most commonly identify their ethnicity or ancestry as Mexican (16.3%). Source: U.S. Census Surveys, 19702000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018. Source: U.S. Census Surveys, 19702000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018. Whats Happened to the People? Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09499-y, Gentrification, White Encroachment, and the Policing of Black Residents in Washington, DC. It saw $210 million in deals in 2017, a 31 percent increase from $160 million the year before. Photograph by Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images Anderson, K. (2012). Geographers and other social scientists have discovered that since the 1970s, a few Black neighborhoods experienced gentrification pressures and that the gentrifiers were usually middle-class African Americans (Boyd 2008; Moore 2009; Pattillo 2007). 17). Hyra, D. (2017). In all parts of East New York except for City Line, there were less than 5,000 white and Asian residents. With more than 2.6 million residents, if Brooklyn was a city, it would be the fourth largest in the USA. The rebuilding of the South Bronx after the fiscal crisis. Since the numbers of whites are currently slightly higher from those of Blacks, this declining proportion of whites living next to Blacks indicates that racial segregation is persisting and that white newcomers continue to move to white sections. In Brooklyn as a whole, the dissimilarity index is 77.4. Travis agrees. Gentrification in Bushwick. Between 2000 and 2018, the isolation index declined from 93.5 to 87.3 in Black Brooklyn, from 87.7 to 79.5 in Brooklyn, from 49.6 to 39.5 in West and North Brooklyn, and from 85.1 to 56.9 in Northwest Black Brooklyn (Fig. Brownsville was viewed as a racially changing area from white to Black and the removal of Blacks from Manhattan and other areas made this view a self-fulfilled prophesy. While he understands that many newcomers have been moving to Brooklyn because they need a place to live, his question is whats happened to the people? He is referring to mostly Black but also Latinx people who used to live in parts of Brooklyn, culturally dominate most of its high-profile public spaces, and have been the subject of his photographs (Anderson 2012). Get reports from Next Citys senior economics correspondent, Oscar Perry Abello, emailed directly to you. Eastern Brooklyn has some of the city's highest rates of foreclosure. As early as 1940, more than 90,000 out of almost 110,000 Blacks in Brooklyn lived in a small redlined portion of what became known as Black Brooklyn (Figs. 12). The isolation index of Blacks in relation to whites in census tracts has also declined, mainly because the number of whites has increased and the number of Blacks has declined. This persistence of racial segregation in a time of gentrification raises many questions about the two processes and the effects that they have on African Americans. Google Scholar. Both Northwest and North Black Brooklyn are parts of Black Brooklyn. Shabazz is discussing demographic changes that are mostly obvious in an area that I call Northwest Black Brooklyn, though the changes are also consuming areas east of it. Detectives from Brooklyn and NYPD Crime Scene Unit investigate a fatal shooting 111 Dinsmore Place in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn on Monday, April 24. Reviews from High School: Business, Literature, Engineering, Medicine, Arts, History, Nursing, MBA or buy cheap research papers online. We see our work as literally life and death, says Henry, who again stresses the role of police violence in assisting with the process of displacement. Source: U.S. Census Surveys, 19402000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018. 22). No longer want to be notified? By Alan Singer, Contributor First, the majority of the population in each census tract was Black in the U.S. Census of 2000 (in this case, almost all of the census tracts located in Black Brooklyn were majority Black in 2000). Not only did it deliver PPE and culturally-relevant food through its Brooklyn Shows Love campaignFlatbush is home to Brooklyns, Before the pandemic, Flatbush was one of the latest Brooklyn neighborhoods earmarked for economic restructuring, which invited more, COVID-19 eviction protections in New York state, While the pandemic had exposed the obscene inequality in places like New York City, it did little more than pause the status quo. Chronopoulos, T. (2016). Source: American Community Survey of 2018, Race and ethnicity in Northwest Black Brooklyn, 19402018. Travis doesnt collect an income for heading his tenant union, so his capacity equally depends on the time and resources he has to spare while supporting himself. Facing discrimination from financial institutions and real estate agencies and wanting to rebuild historic Black neighborhoods, middle-class African Americans moved in large numbers to low-income areas from the 1970s onward (Boyd 2008; Chronopoulos 2016, 2019; Pattillo 2007, 2013). U.S. donations are tax-deductible minus the value of thank-you gifts. Zipp, S. (2010). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09499-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09499-y. In order to make room for gentrifiers, Rivera says, Landlords make homes uninhabitable. Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. Hannah-Jones, N. (2012). Hi everyone. In Black Brooklyn at large, they also increased and amounted to 27.4% of the working population by 2000 (Fig. This index compares the spatial distribution of Blacks and whites without taking into consideration their numbers. Even though Canarsie became majority Black in the 1990s, the rest of southern and southwestern Brooklyn (south and west of Canarsie) remained overwhelmingly white and this reveals the extent of neighborhood defense (U.S. Census Surveys of 2000 and 2010). The rest of East New York changed racially not because of the construction of public housing as in Brownsville, but because of predatory real estate practices. 20,000 people moved from Manhattan to Brooklyn in 2020. The first is Northwest Black Brooklyn (located in the far northwest of Fig. Then they rebuild and refurbish the homes, and now, they figure, Hey, instead of renting to this multigenerational family that lives here at $1,200, we could start renting individual rooms at $1,000-1,200 each. Consequently, property values rise, often pushing low- and moderate-income homeowners to foreclose on taxes.
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