Lhoba speaks Sino-Tibetan languages named Adi and Bokar; as well as Idu Mishmi. Kailash, 7 (3 & 4), pp. As local youth of Lo-manthang migrated out, the cheap labor from other districts immigrated to the place seasonally, mostly to work in farm-fields, repairing irrigation canals, and fencing farm-fields, as well as the construction of house building and roads and bridges. In this way, the Lobas have adapted the politico-institutional changes by informally accepting the King as their supreme governance institution. and women like chili pepper, snuff and alcohol. The pressure on monks at Gomba from local people has decreased. of the Loba Nationality has been carried on from generation to generation until They perform many rituals at the palace and Gomba (monastery) for the well-being of humans, animals, and plants. today. Young Lobas are attracted to the modern knowledge system and go to high-earning countries, which is a big challenge to maintain the indigenous knowledge system and the cultural identity of the Loba. The Loba live in a kingdom that was founded by a fierce soldier under the oppression of feudal lords. buckwheat cake baked on the slate. We soon realised it was a huge risk to change travel plans mid trek, especially in these parts where villages are far away from each other. In the present day, Lobas have introduced monogamy and the family planning system to control the population, which has challenged the traditional lifestyle on the one hand, and on the other, the population of Lamas and Aanis is decreasing sharply at Gombas. Additionally, managing the irrigation system has become a big challenge because the Upper Mustang region is becoming drier every year (Khatri & Pandey 2021). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Similarly, Ojha (1986) highlighted economic life; Pissel (1965) presented the general description of Loba from a Tibeto-centric perspective; Sharma & Gurung (2056 BS:2000 AD) documented religious sites; and Tulachan (2003) focused on tourism. 2). The occupational groups include the Ghara (smith), the Shemba (butcher), the Chemba (leather worker), the Nepa (leather processer), the Samjuwa or the Sumbra (tailor), and the Emeta (musician). Nevertheless, despite all socio-economic and political development, migration has become a big challenge to continue the role of traditional institutions of the Loba community in Lo-manthang since the increased scarcity of human resources to perform community responsibilities is observed. 2012. crab porridge is a snack in Macao. Lo Kingdom continued the practice of cultural systems of resource use and population control. The household (dhaonba) is the smallest unit of production of any given local social-ecological system (Pandey & Bardsley 2015), and follows the rules, norms and values prescribed by the other three institutions that sustain their livelihood. Although the Loba follow the Sakyapa sect of Tibetan Buddhism; they are also influenced by the Bon religion as they practiced Bon in the past (Dhungel 2002). 1972. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript. The reflection of such teaching can be observed in peoples behavior toward animals and plants. The Loba produces only a single crop in a year, and the tenure of the village head, hence, also becomes one agriculture cycle. PLoS ONE 7 (5): e36741. Festival culture is one of the most obvious However, their everyday clothes and hairstyles have changed with the course of modernization. Article International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 5 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w. Knrzer, Karl-Heinz. But, it is not known the ancestors of Lhoba people were occupying the region at that time or came from somewhere else later. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. Learning about different cultures around us can help us better understand the world we live in! According to a new report from the company review site Comparably, Microsoft is the No. The Loba people practice polyandry, where a woman marries multiple men. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. They allocate some pasturelands as protected areas and used only in the scare period (FebruaryMarch) when their livestocks become the physically weakest and most vulnerable due to the shortage of fodder. 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01294636. They were isolated for years and are completely unevangelized. The Pemako area can be reached after weeks of jeep and foot travel so the people are still pretty much isolated. The sakaluka ritual is the function of worshiping local spirits (nagas, serpents) where a lady plows the land at the beginning to mark crop cultivation time (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). These local institutions are cooperating well, successfully regulating, managing, and protecting agricultural, forest, and pasture lands, and maintaining the monuments in Lo-manthang for centuries. They have become less dependent on the parental property as they have diversified their livelihood system, including but not limited to labor migration and engagement in trade and commerce, including in the tourism industry. Ostrom, Elinor. The Lo King, ghenba, Lama, and dhongba had a close relationship and interdependency in Lo-manthang until now. This paper is the output of Ph.D. thesis of first author. Dangbang, the second was Dangjian, and the third was Dangjian. The Loba celebrate four major religious festivals: Gine, Gensu, Gelung, and Nayuene. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. Chhetri, and K.P. However, this trade ended totally after the 1950s. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2011.01092.x. I like to eat a kind of The younger Loba want to discard it, but the older generation feels it is necessary. Water crab porridge. Yiliang Jiuxiang Scenic Spot is located in a mountainous area with a cool climate, continuous peaks and valleys with a relative height difference of about 200 meters. Ostrom, Elinor. The roofs are extremely uniform and smooth; and on each corner, a small square is constructed so that prayer flags may be hung there. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. Darnal, Prakash. Grocery shop in Lo Manthang (2018) by Angelo ChiacchioEphemera documentary Newly paved routes. They fish the Congo River and its main tributaries intensively. - Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. The Phalwas are the most dominant and economically powerful and place themselves in the middle of the social position. The ABC trail was cool most of the way, thickly forested, with jaw-dropping scenerygurgling streams, flower-carpeted valleys, rhododendron slopes and bamboo busheswhereas the trek from Jomsom to Lo Manthang must be one of the most barren stretches on the planet, with nary a blade of grass, no tree offering shade, no grass to tickle your feet, just sand everywhere, two-feet deep in places, trying to swallow your boots. The Loba people living in the northern part The legend of the ancestors of the Loba The local socio-economic, political, and environmental conditions have changed in the Upper Mustang in the last seven decades while the Lobas have been coping and adapting to all of these changes, whether well or hard. 300 per day per person. They take specific roles and responsibilities of irrigation management and other issues of community spheres. A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. The traditional role of the Gomba in the Loba community, as described above, is an institution that maintains a peaceful and just society, as per the values of Tibetan Buddhism. Road networks have linked them to the market, which supplies required materials at a lower price and through easier ways than producing those consumables locally. The study was conducted under the PhD in Anthropology project of the first author at Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Lo is home to three beautiful gompas with exquisite murals, Choede, Jhampa and Thubchen, all in various states of disrepair. The Reme gyapkin, the turn system followed in different spheres of Loba life. Although dilapidated and open to the sky in many places, it houses priceless murals in reasonably good condition. Nayudongla along the valley southward, and arrived at the place of Delen Bang. We want to thank the University Grants Commission Nepal for partial Financial Support for this research under PhD thesis grant. All those heaps of rocks that we would have climbed seemed like a models ramp compared with this ride. They produce single seasonal crops of few varieties (wheat, naked barley, mustard, potatoes, buckwheat, vegetables). Although feudalism is more or less extinct in most of Nepal, it is alive and well in Mustang. Mario Time is still not over, as the animated film has broken another record, becoming the first film of 2023 to pass the $1 billion mark at the global box office. A PhD Dissertation Submitted to Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. However, the ghenba system has been able to play a crucial role in mobilizing water users, and is useful in the entire Upper Mustang region to mobilize local people for community development and local, ecosystem-based adaptation. The people of Lo-manthang have experienced rapid changes in the natural environment, geo-political relations, political changes, infrastructural and technological development, trade, and economy since the 1950s. Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations: Critical anthropological perspectives. The Loba is also those mysterious, breath-taking aspects of nature: 'you are the hills'. The men also wear swords and carry bows and arrows. Jiayingguan, commonly known as the Longwang Temple of the Yellow River, is located in Jiayingguan Township, Wuzhong County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China. Being younger, he could not visualise how exhausting it might be for three senior women to go on tramping for 24 days. The Lama, as the chief of spiritual/religious works for the individual, household, and community, also plays a role in the sphere of education and ritual activities. 1). heritage list with the approval of the State Council. The participants were informed about the research during the observation of their activities. people also used carved wooden knots to record things. Traditionally, the means of transportation used to be the draught power, particularly the mules and horses to carry goods and oxen for farm-plough. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2022. Women are the mother of everything, so women take care of the seeds more than men. The area was forbidden to foreigners until 1992, so it used to be recognized as the forbidden kingdom of the Himalayas. The Government of Nepal adopted only the high-yielding and controlled-flow of tourists after 1992. Samasume is another type of household that is established independently. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1. Water Resources Research 29 (7): 19071912. The process of offering water, flowers, incense, light, fruits, words, and greeting God, ordinary people, animals, and plants have defined ways and manners that should be followed to ensure peace, harmony, and prosperity in the community. Only a tiny 19-seater aircraft flies from Pokhara to Jomsom daily, and even this shuts down when the weather in Jomsom turns moody and misty, which is often. Only when we marched to the Yeti Airlines office to buy our tickets to Jomsom did we find out, to our dismay, that all flights were fully booked for the next eight weeks. The midhi is a post that acts like a judge who advises the ghemba and the King when a dispute occurs. Widespread climate change in the Himalayas and associated changes in local ecosystems. Taylor Weidman/LightRocket/Getty Images On a cold evening in 2012, anthropologist Jiban Mani Poudel sat sharing tea and snacks with mountain herders huddled around a cattle pen in Nepal's Nhson Valley. The girl child is usually entitled to become Aani, and they assist in maintaining the Gombas and the Temples. They also give to the poor and needy, and abstain from sexual relations during this time.
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