Should you take probiotics when you have C. diff? C. difficile infection (CDI) represents a serious challenge to medical practice in many developed countries, however, information from developing countries on this infection is generally lacking. This will help to heal the intestines and should help to greatly reduce the pain. Thats because antibiotics that fight bacterial infections by killing bad germs can also get rid of the good germs that protect the body against harmful infections, like C. Turmeric enema Its quite contagious if you come in contact with a person or surface that contains the infectious spores. Difficile may induce inflammation in the colon, resulting in raw tissue areas that might bleed or generate pus. Antibiotics that most commonlylead to this type of infectioninclude fluoroquinolones, penicillins, cephalosporins and clindamycin. Behavior and target site selection of conjugative transposon Tn916 in two different strains of toxigenic. You can get a lot ofprobiotic from your diet if you eat probiotic-rich foods that will help to balance your intestinal flora and fight C. diff. Alterations in this pathway, in VAN-resistant mutants, may affect VAN activity since VAN inhibits cell wall formation by binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala portion of lipid II.45 Biofilm formation could be also involved in VAN-resistance. They can help majorly in both supplement and food form. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility among, Spigaglia P, Carucci V, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P. ErmB determinants and Tn916-Like elements in clinical isolates of, Mullany P, Williams R, Langridge GC, Turner DJ, Whalan R, Clayton C, et al. Not necessarily, but it can certainly help to boost the good bacteria that is key to any anti-C. difficile diet. Woken from my sleep at 5:30 this morning with the urge I ran to the restroom. The best probiotic brand for c diff is a question that has been asked many times. Please try after some time. Crystal structure of receptor-binding C-terminal repeats from. Hospitals and long-term care facilities are especially problematic because healthcare workers can unintentionally spread C. diff between patients if they do not properly wash their hands after caring for each patient. My mother, at almost 90, had c-diff. The above protocols will help to kill the C-Diff quickly and will also remove and neutralize the intestinal toxins and will help to heal your intestines naturally. Treatment. The first step in treating C. difficile is to stop taking the antibiotic that triggered the infection, when possible. Depending on the severity of your infection, treatment may include: Antibiotics. Ironically, the standard treatment for C. difficile is another antibiotic. Clinical practice guidelines for, Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, Ananthakrishnan AN, Curry SR, Gilligan PH, et al. You might want to give it a try. Given the recent rapid progress in mAb technology, including the direct cloning of Ig genes from immunized B cells from both animal and human sources,91-94 great opportunities to study and optimize the immunization approaches that can be effective in eliciting high titer and high affinity antibody responses in the hosts are becoming available. Rapid antigen tests and nucleic acid amplification tests are mostly important in routine diagnosis, due to their short turnaround time (TAT), ranges from 15 min to 3 h. The toxigenic culture, i.e., the anaerobic culture in a special media, combined with evidence of the toxin in the culture supernatant, is considered as the diagnostic gold standard. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. How can you find out if you have an intestinal infection like C. diff? Receptor-bound toxins usually gain their intracellular entry using catalyst specific Rho proteins that support in actin polymerization, cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell movement.8,9 Both toxin A and B emerge to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of C. difficile colitis in humans through the initiation of apoptosis in the target mucosal cells. Terhes G, Maruyama A, Latkczy K, Szikra L, Konkoly-Thege M, Princz G, et al. A 2015 CDC study reveals that C. difficile was behind nearly 500,000 infections among patients in the United States in just one year. WebTurmeric has been used over centuries in Eastern culture and medicine. So, in regard to iodine supplementation -- Start Small and Go Slow. These symptoms may range from moderate to severe, lasting anywhere from a few days to many weeks. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. WebPeople are 7 to 10 times more likely to get C. diff while on antibiotics and during the month after. We wanted to find an alternative treatment, a prophylactic strategy based on probiotics that could help prevent C. difficile from thriving in the first place, said the studys lead author, Jennifer Spinler, PhD, in a recent news release. Furthermore, there are legitimate concerns that IMT can spread other infectious diseases including HIV or hepatitis. What complications can C. diff cause? Unfortunately, yes. in vitro trail. Antibiotics are the most common reason this can occur, since antibiotics not only kill the bacteria they are aiming to kill, but also all the good bacteria as well. Pathogenic strains of C. difficile produce multiple diverse toxins.7 The preeminent categorized toxins are toxin A, which is an enterotoxin, and toxin B, a cytotoxin. Wrammert J, Smith K, Miller J, Langley WA, Kokko K, Larsen C, et al. Can C. diff lead to death? Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Anational survey of the molecular epidemiology of, Lynch T, Chong P, Zhang J, Hizon R, Du T, Graham MR, et al. * Take a 1/4 tspn Bentonite clay, twice a day, in a half glass of water outside mealtimes as recommended. Is C. diff contagious? Some C. diff infections can become fatal in certain patients if not treated promptly, because of severe dehydration or damage to the colon or intestines. Antibody generation through B cell panning on antigen followed by. Antibiotics may make individuals more susceptible to C. Will the difference vanish on its own? Newspaper is your news, entertainment, music fashion website. This can greatlydecrease C. diff bacteria from finding theirway to all kinds of surfaces and objects in the bathroom. Ajayi AO, Akintola TA. This illness occurs most often in older individuals in long-term care facilities and hospitals. Recently, successful fecal transplants have been performed by encapsulating healthy freeze-dried fecal matter and having patients ingest the capsules. This may be suitable as the only treatment in a patient with little symptoms. What are the risk factors for C. difficile recurrence? It is now 9:30 and I have already gone to the bathroom 6 times. Adults have been given Saccharomyces boulardii in dosages of 500-1000 mg (approximately 10-20 billion colony-forming units) daily for 4 weeks. The infection can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever and can even be fatal in severe cases. Brantner A, Grein E. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine. I took this in the beginning. Furthermore, cessation of excessive antibiotic treatment is compulsory. Total phenolics content of the pomegranate extract was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method and final concentrations of 6.25-400 g/mL gallic acid equivalent were achieved in the agar. The increased popularity of using natural product as alternative curing approach may be attributed to the belief that these products are safe and they are widely available at low costs. Rapid cloning of high-affinity human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus. What we do know for sure is that the spores of C. diff (from an infected persons stool) can last a very long time. However, it might take up to two weeks for the infection to go away entirely. Capric acid (C10) and caprylic acid (C8) have shown lesser degree of growth inhibition. How long does it take to recover from C. diff? The infection most often enters the body after Liao HX, Levesque MC, Nagel A, Dixon A, Zhang R, Walter E, et al. Vardakas KZ, Polyzos KA, Patouni K, Rafailidis PI, Samonis G, Falagas ME. Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent, Cornely OA, Miller MA, Louie TJ, Crook DW, Gorbach SL. Nigella sativa known as black seeds (BSs) have been used traditionally for treating various diseases in the Middle East regions for more than 2000 years.111 Different active compounds in BS have been demonstrated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities such as thymoquinone.112 BS were found to inhibit growth of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus The recurrence rate was lower in both Group B-1/10 (10%) and Group C-1/11 (9%) over placebo-2/7 (29%). The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to reduce the incidence of C difficile infection (CDI), although its significance in preventative treatment is yet unknown. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This may be attributed to the excessive and widespread use of antibiotics. According to Colleen R. Kelly, MD, FACG, gastroenterologist and associate professor of medicine at Brown Universitys Warren Alpert Medical School, clinicians are discovering that there is no need to offer probiotics for patients with Clostridioides difficile infection.. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}). After taking the new antibiotics, your symptoms should improve in a few days. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Content may not be reproduced in any form. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology | ACG106:S161-S162, October 2011. Pour on detergent and fabric softener as usual, and then fill the washing machine with water. Withsevere cases, its common for people to become sodehydrated (from c. diff diarrhea) that they need to go to thehospital to prevent further complications such as kidney problems. The resistance ranges between 2.4% and 41.67%.60-62 In this pathogen, resistance is commonly due to protection of the ribosomes from the action of antibiotic. In recent years,C. diff is proving itself to be a more common and more difficult to treat, serious colon infection. While more research is needed to confirm the findings of this study, the fact that turmeric was able to kill Clostridium difficile in lab tests is promising. In addition, the researchers found that glycerol or L. reuteri alone were not effective against C. difficile, and that the reuterin did not harm the good bacteria in the complex gut community. Oral Vancomycin and Metronidazole are the approved therapies. Reserpine and other hypertensive and tranquilizing alkaloids have been isolated from Rauwolfia spp.99 There is an international raising trend to shift resources from allopathic to traditional health-care systems.100, Microbial organisms and higher plants have been used as a natural source for the discovery of new drugs. In severe cases, surgery may be requiredto remove the infectedpart of the colon. Weis S, John E, Lippmann N, Mssner J, Lbbert C. Dansinger ML, Johnson S, Jansen PC, Opstad NL, Bettin KM, Gerding DN. The most common symptomswatery diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain or crampscan last for days. The most common initial symptoms of an infection are mild abdominal cramping and tenderness along with diarrhea (C. diff stool appearance is watery) that occurs three or more times per day for two or more days. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. The available treatment options against CDI are expensive and promote resistance. What are the first signs of C. diff? In such kind of situation fidaxomicin (200 mg twice daily for 10 days) or VAN (125 mg 4 times daily for 10 days) followed by either a pulsed or tapered strategy is mostly highly recommended. This isn't much to go on but could mean possible associated problems with H pylori. Rifamycins, in particular rifaximin (RFX), have recently been prosed as chaser therapy for the treatment of relapsing CDI,48 while FDX is a bactericidal new narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic that is used for the management of CDI with high risk for recurrences.49 Both rifampins (RIFs) and FDX are inhibitors of bacterial transcription but they have different RNA polymerase (RNAP) target sites. Soexactly what is C. diff, what are the most common C. diff symptoms, is C. diff contagious and what is the best natural C. diff treatment? Be sure to consult with your healthcare practitioner before stopping medications, however. Also, it is asked, Can you get rid of C. diff with probiotics? The CDC clearly states, Patients who take antibiotics are most at risk for developing C. difficile infections. According to the CDC, people on antibiotics are 7 to 10 times more likely to get C. diff while on the drugs and during the month after. Some experts also believe that antibiotics can trigger the C. diff bacteria to release the toxins that can be so damaging to the colon. The company then processes the samples to remove the waste, isolate the healthy bacteria and kill any other lingering organisms. According to the Wall Street Journal, yogurt, which is high in probiotics, may hold the key to lowering life-threatening Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infections. Clostridium difficile-associated disease continues to be one of the leading health concerns worldwide. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Therapy using antibodies. Groups B and C had reduced ATLAS score and endoscopic score of 60% compared to Group A's 38%. The activity of pomegranate was tested against 29 It is also common after using antibiotics. Its a terrible fact that for some C. diff patients, the infection doesnt just come back once, but again and again. Does apple cider vinegar cure C. diff? While more research is needed, this could be great news for people struggling with Clostridium difficile infections. A C.difficile infection can also cause a toxic megacolon, which means the colon dilates, cannot release gas or stool and can potentially rupture as a result. There are also concerns that IMT could change the microbiome and consequently increase susceptibility to chronic conditions such as obesity or autoimmune disorders.85, DNA vaccination offers a unique platform to study the optimal antigenic regions from both toxins as this approach is able to test the immunogenicity of candidate antigens in animals directly without first producing actual antigenic proteins in vitro. Methodological variations and different interpretation categories may result in discrepancies, impacting therapeutic decision and comparison of data. FDX binds to the switch region of RNAP, a target site that is adjacent to the RIF target but does not overlap.50,51, Susceptibility to RIF by either Etest or AD correlated completely with susceptibility to RFX.52 Thus, testing susceptibility to RIF, a rifamycin that is related to RFX, can assess rifamycin class susceptibility in C. difficile. Clostridium difficile infections that are asymptomatic frequently go away without being observed. Can probiotics get rid of C. diff? Passive protection with antitoxin monoclonal antibodies has also been proven to be effective in reducing recurrent CDI.87 The important element for both active and passive vaccination approaches is the discovery of high quality protective antibody responses against two key C. difficile toxins.88 Although, antitoxin antibodies have been widely investigated, less is known about the immunogenicity potential of toxin B. Emergence of, Dong D, Zhang L, Chen X, Jiang C, Yu B, Wang X, et al. Can C. difficile go away on its own? Turmeric is also food. It has been also found that in patients with recurrent CDI, the IMT (infusion of donor feces) resulted in better treatment outcomes as compared with VAN therapy.81 During the past few years, reports have shown that the treatment for recurrent CDI by endoscopically administering the feces in the duodenum, ileocolon, or by enema, the patients cure rates were reported to increase for up to about 92%.82, Colonoscopic stool transfer was recommended on the strength of better acceptance and avoidance of bacterial contamination of the small intestine with intestinal microbes, in addition to its higher success rate. How long should you take Saccharomyces boulardii? All patients received oral metronidazole 500mg thrice daily for 14 days. So best to get tested for H pylori. Studies on the antimicrobial activity of, Arici M, Sagdic O, Gecgel U. Antibacterial effect of Turkish black cumin (, Khan AU, Ali S, Rehman AU, Ali H, Ahmad T, Waqar M, et al. Oil of Oregano: Research has shown that the oregano essential oil may be an effective treatment against dangerous and sometimes drug-resistant bacteria.Oregano oilis extremely strong, so it is best used under the guidance of a natural health expert. government site. Curry SR, Marsh JW, Shutt KA, Muto CA, OLeary MM, Saul MI, et al. Much of this bacteria is good because it keeps possibly problematic bacteria in check and guards the body against infection. S. boullardii is the one most recommended by doctors since there has been the most research on this and c. diff. An interesting study was conducted to determine the effect of essential oil compounds on mixed fecal microbiota. Unfortunately, it does not You can be re-infected with the C. diff bacteria or dormant spores. How does apple cider vinegar help with neuropathy? In biofilms, Virex was shown to be ineffective against vegetative cell development. To Wayfarer from Cookville, TN: Thank you for this information. You can get rid of a Clostridium difficile infection. But the new study suggests that turmeric could help prevent these infections in the first place. When a C. diff infection becomes symptomatic, research shows that one out of every five cases resolves without the need for medicine. Clostridium difficile colitis is the full namefor the colon infection caused by C. diffbacterium. 2-4. C. diff is an infection caused by Clostridioides difficile, a bacterium that causes diarrhea and inflammation of the colon, called colitis. Emerging therapies for. The interesting thing is that you can be a carrier of C. diffbut not actually have an infection of C. diff. The incidences of C. difficile infection (CDI) in developed countries have become increasingly high which may be attributed to the emergence of newer epidemic strains, extensive use of antibiotics, and limited alternative therapies. Policy: How to regulate faecal transplants. The oil shows a good antimicrobial activity against C. difficile, C. perfringens, E. faecalis, Eubacterium limosum, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Candida albicans with MIC values of 0.25%, 0.25%, 0.13%, 0.25%, 2.25%, and 0.50% v/v, respectively. Of those half a million, around 15,000 people died as a direct result of theirC. difficile infections. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Forest Hills, NY; 2. WebA C. diff infection causes diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe, and in rare cases, can lead to serious complications. The researchers studied the effects of L. reuteri on C. difficile grown in a laboratory, and found that when the probiotic was supplemented with glycerol, it converted it into the broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound reuterin. Natural as well as conventional C. diff guidelines include stopping any antibiotic medications you are currently taking. Can you kiss someone with C. diff? A C. diff infection is caused by C. difficile bacteria, which can be found in several common places, including human and animal feces as well as soil, air and water. Some error has occurred while processing your request. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed This is frequently self-resolving, Dr. Clostridium difficile infections usually clear up within two weeks after initiating antibiotic therapy. McFarland et al.76 were able to reduce the frequency of relapse to 14.3% by a pulsed regime and up to 31% by using a tapered strategy.78 The pulsed strategy proposed a standard VAN course over 10 days followed by a course of 125 mg VAN every 2-3 days for 10 doses. Cultures are not well suited for acute diagnosis, as they have a long TAT (>72 h). Natural products as antiparasitic drugs. WebFinegold et al., have investigated the effect of pomegranate extract in the management or prevention of CDIs or colonization. There are many different brands of probiotics, but the one with the most research and reviews is Garden of Life. Analysis of a, Wren BW, Mullany P, Clayton C, Tabaqchali S. Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase determinant from, Wren BW, Mullany P, Clayton C, Tabaqchali S. Nucleotide sequence of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene from, Lyras D, Storie C, Huggins AS, Crellin PK, Bannam TL, Rood JI. CSI: A severity index for, Abou Chakra CN, Pepin J, Valiquette L. Prediction tools for unfavourable outcomes in, Spigaglia P. Recent advances in the understanding of antibiotic resistance in. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. The mechanism of resistance in C. difficile is still unclear. Does having a past infection make a person immune? A new study suggests that turmeric may also be effective against Clostridium difficile or c diff, a potentially deadly bacterium that can cause severe intestinal inflammation. COPYRIGHT 2023 EARTH CLINIC. However, for some people, the infection may come back after treatment ends. Only the symptomatic patients should be tested. A stool sample test is typically the best way to start figuring out if you have an overgrowth of C. diff bacteria. Dry with hottest heat possible for the fabric. A recurrent C. diff infection (typically at least three or more) is actually one of the top health concerns that warrants such a transplant. Shoaib HM, Muazzam AG, Mir A, Jung SY, Matin A. WebA new study suggests that turmeric may also be effective against Clostridium difficile or c diff, a potentially deadly bacterium that can cause severe intestinal inflammation. Effects of ethanol extract of, Mohamed AA, El-Baz FK, Hegazy AK, Kord MA. Another possible complication of c. difficile colitis is bowel perforation (a hole in the large intestines that allows dangerous bacteria to escape), which can cause a dangerous infection called peritonitis. An official website of the United States government. Comparison of the antibacterial activity of essential oils and extracts of medicinal and culinary herbs to investigate potential new treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United States sees nearly 500,000 C. difficile infections each year. Turmeric is also a c-diff killer. It's really up to you how many drops of lugol's iodine you use everyday -- the more the better -- but this will depend on the severity of the die-off and detox reaction that arises from this kind of internal iodine use. Rifaximin Redux: Treatment of recurrent. In animal trails, a correlation between altered intestinal microbiome and the development of autoimmune diseases and obesity was observed.84, Despite its increased rate for successful curing advanced CDI cases, IMT has important limitations such as the reluctance of patients, and also physicians, to choose this treatment strategy at an early stage. While it is generally well established that the C-terminal receptor binding regions of both toxins (A and B) are ideal candidates for eliciting protective antibody responses, other areas of both toxins in eliciting protective antibody responses are yet to be investigated. C. diff is also a shortened way of referring to theinfectious colitis itself. Turmeric has been used over centuries in Eastern culture and medicine. In addition, more than 80% of deaths caused by C. difficile infections occur in adults who are 65 or older. A 2017 study published inThe American Journal of Gastroenterologyfound that just one administration of the capsules to49 patients with reoccurring C. diffresulted in 88 percent of the patients achieving clinical success, which was said to beno recurrence of a C. diff infection over a two month time period. Turmeric is also a c-diff killer. Potent monoclonal antibodies against, Ryder AB, Huang Y, Li H, Zheng M, Wang X, Stratton CW, et al. health is at risk, and infections like C. difficile can result. High-throughput isolation of immunoglobulin genes from single human B cells and expression as monoclonal antibodies. Currently, all recommendations for antibiotic therapy are based on differentiation between mild-to-moderate or severe disease.18 Other guidelines further differentiate a severe to a complicated course.16-18 For successful treatment of CDI, it is important for clinicians to start screening for risk factors of severe disease and parameters linked with an unfavorable outcome. Turmeric, a spice used in curry, may help prevent Clostridium difficile infection. Natural products and derivatives as leads to cell cycle pathway targets in cancer chemotherapy. Antibiotic-associated colitis due to, Iv EC, Iii EC, Johnson DA. According to studies, eating a high-soluble fiber diet may assist to clear C. diff. Characterization of a stable, metronidazole-resistant, Freeman J, Stott J, Baines SD, Fawley WN, Wilcox MH. Aktories K, Barbieri JT. About 200 ml volume was used via the upper digestive tract.82 Furthermore, for conservative application, the response was improved using 500 ml or more of suspension (80% vs. 97%).82 A highly diverse protective donor flora develops within 2 weeks following stool transplantation, predominantly natural Bacteroides species.83 To do this, a protocol-based treatment was schedule, which could be followed. The plants essential oils have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiprotozoan, and antifungal activities.100-102, In comparison with antibiotics, herbal extracts, and essential oils contain different antibacterial agents that could employ a number of inhibitory mechanisms, making it difficult for pathogens to initiate resistance.103. Stecher B, Hardt WD. Grnewald T, Kist M, Mutters R, Ruf BR, Kern WV. Learn About Treatments and Diet Changes, How to Get Rid of Hemorrhoids (4+ Natural Remedies), Watery diarrhea (at least three bowel movements per day for two days or longer), Abdominal cramping and pain, which may be severe, Antibiotic use (absolutely the #1 risk factor), especially a broad-spectrum antibiotic or any antibiotic used for an extended period oftime, Living in a nursing home or extended-care facility, Abdominal surgery that requires moving the intestines aside, Dairy products, which have been known to cause additional gastrointestinal upset , Some foods that are definitely healthy but may cause extra bloating, gas and discomfort such as, Raw fruits and veggies (Cook them to reduce the likelihood of bloating effects), Processed fat-free foods like olestra, which have been known to cause more bloating and increased bouts of diarrhea, Spicy foods, which are known to increase symptoms, Large quantities of caffeine since caffeine has diuretic effects, can bother the GI tract and lengthen recovery from infection, People who take antibiotics are most at risk for developing. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Holbeck S, Sausville EA. The major constituents of the oil were -pinene (21.3%), -3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%), and -phellandrene (8.7%). So how contagious is C. diff? ATLAS score for clinical severity, stool for C. difficile toxin A/B were measured initially and at the end of therapy. Emerging drug resistance is the primary cause of treatment failure causing recurrence. The researchers concluded that the ribotypes 014 and 027 were more difficult to eradicate than type 010. Additional tests including an X-ray or a CT scan of your colon may be required as well. I will be going to buy some of these on my lunch break in a couple of hours. Of the multiple strategies used for tapering VAN, the IDSA guidelines 2010 recommended stepping down to 125 mg twice daily for a week after the regular 10 days of VAN, followed by 125 mg once daily for a week which is then followed by pulse of 125 mg every 2-3 days for 2-8 weeks.16 In case of patients with multiple recurrences, the European as well as the American guideline on CDI recommends that the intestinal microbiota transplantation (IMT) must be considered for those patients. It has supplied more than 65,000 stool samples for C. diff patients since 2013. This resistance is often unstable and laboratory manipulation of strains frequently results in MIC decrease toward a susceptibility range.35 Experimental methodology may affect the magnitude of measured MTZ MICs for C. difficile. Curcuminoids, the major phytoconstituents of turmeric - including curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin - inhibited growth of C. difficile at concentrations ranging from 4 to 32g/mL. Additionally, curcuminoids showed no negative effect on major populating species of the human gut.
turmeric kills c diff Share this content
turmeric kills c diffYou Might Also Like
turmeric kills c diffhow much does a partner make at kpmg?
turmeric kills c diffkendrick farris no longer vegan
