What they do know is that people can test positive for methamphetamine after exposure to secondhand smoke.5,6 More research is needed in this area. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. Parvo is an Can Cocaine Be Passed Through Semen And Show Up On A Drug Test? Short-term health effects include increased wakefulness and physical activity, decreased appetite, and increased blood pressure and body temperature. I have no problem stopping and asking for a condom, it has never ruined the mood in my experience. [Guideline] Panlilio AL, Cardo DM, Grohskopf LA, Heneine W, Ross CS. In some cases, people take methamphetamine in a form of binging known as a "run," giving up food and sleep while continuing to take the drug every few hours for up to several days. According to the CDC, one in 10 HIV diagnoses occur among people who inject drugs.1 In 2016, injection drug use (IDU) contributed to nearly 20 percent of recorded HIV cases among menmore than 150,000 patients. I'm always looking for good wording, and this time for a follow up email to a prospect that had recieved a detailed email from me about my product and the pricing detailed, and didn't reply. motivational incentives, which uses vouchers or small cash rewards to encourage patients to remain drug-free. Manage Settings Lanphear BP. For additional patient education information, see Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS. WebCan the hepatitis B virus be spread through sex? Wash out the bucket with hot, soapy water and rinse it; empty the wash and rinse water into the toilet, then flush. Drug and alcohol use can also directly damage the liver, increasing risk for chronic liver disease and cancer among those infected with HBV or HCV. Saving Lives, Protecting People, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Flush the toilet twice after you use it. Can I Get STDs Through Casual Contact Like Hugging or Touching? WebHIV may be transmitted through certain bodily fluids that are capable of containing high concentrations of the virus. Morte MI, Rodrigues AM, Soares D, Rodrigues AS, Gamboa S, Ramalho-Santos J. Anim Reprod Sci. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs), Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Antiretroviral agents, integrase inhibitor, http://consensus.nih.gov/2002/2002hepatitisc2002116html.htm, Association of Clinical Research Professionals, Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research. Greene also raised the 2009 case of French tennis player Richard Gasquet. How to not test positive for cocaine? Signs of cocaine, an extremely addictive drug derived from South American-grown coca leaves, shows up in the urine as a metabolite after processing by the body. It happens primarily in two ways: (1) when people inject drugs and share needles or other drug equipment and (2) when drugs impair judgment and people have unprotected sex with an infected partner. Because methamphetamine overdose often leads to a stroke, heart attack, or organ problems, first responders and emergency room doctors try to treat the overdose by treating these conditions. PMC Please&Thanks :-), Didn't find the answer you were looking for? Also, the patient should understand to return to the emergency department (ED) immediately for any complications of the body fluid exposure or the PEP regimen. People who inject methamphetamine are at increased risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B and C. These diseases are transmitted through contact with blood or other bodily fluids that can remain on drug equipment. Not every medicine is transferred through semen, but some medicines can transfer through semen and cause birth defects. Fortunately, viral transmission is rare in cases of occupational HIV exposures. Int Dent J. It is similar to the issue with breast feeding. 2012 Dec. 87(12):1138-44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acquiring a significant bacterial skin infection from a needlestick also is possible. 2020, https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/drug-use-viral-infections-hiv-hepatitis, NIDA. Select one or more newsletters to continue. 2009 Jan-Mar. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Chemotherapy. Very doubtful daamnidreamin. Infectivity of hepatitis C virus in plasma after drying and storing at room temperature. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! It appears that more active training on the use of PPE is needed by HCWs. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Transmission occurs when a person with an infectious disease touches or exchanges body fluids with someone else. HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2017. Animals (Basel). From skin changes to weight loss to unusual bleeding, here are 15 cancer warning signs that women tend to ignore. 66(2):121-5. Do not donate blood, organs, tissues, or semen until your follow-up is completed at 6 months. [28] The rate is higher if the injury was sustained by a hollow-bore needle, if the injury was deeply penetrating, or if blood was injected during the injury. [21], Safety during autopsies is another subject that has not received much publicity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. This is not an assumption or opinion for I've found myself in the same situation before. WebDiseases that are not usually transmitted directly by blood contact, but rather by insect or other vector, are more usefully classified as vector-borne disease, even though the MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008 Sep 19. 4:CD011621. How Bad Does It Hurt Semen). Once the patient has been exposed, the patient must be educated regarding the risks, in addition to the risks versus benefits of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Did he smoke it in the house or where you was an not no could got in the air. Hi there. I know because it happened to me. This can happen with both men and women. Nonhealthcare personnel may be exposed by way of social interaction, sexual encounters (including sexual assault), trauma scenarios, intentional inoculations consistent with contemporary terrorist activity, or drug abuse. Hepatitis B is not spread through food or water, unlike hepatitis A. Long-term health effects include risk of addiction; risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis; severe dental problems; intense itching, leading to skin sores from scratching; violent behavior; and paranoia. Talk with your healthcare providers; they are there to Some drugs have to be kept in the bottle or box they came in. We can also help you find other free or low-cost resources available. Federal guidelines do not recommend testing for and giving Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV for exposure to non-bloody saliva. WebThe short answer is yes, the real answer is that it is complicated. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Bumps in the genital area might be STDs, but are usually not serious. Syphilis is an STD that is transmitted by oral, genital and anal sex. Yes, most drugs can be excreted through sweat and saliva. i think you are very brave to get on here and ask a question like the one you asked,and as far as what some of what these other ppl said to you i would have to say i disagree with them.I think you should stand by your man and what you beleive in,of coarse use protection untell he can come to a place in his life where he is ready to settle down.You have to understand the drug meth and have been there before to understand what he is going through.This is a very ugly and hard drug to come off of and with out some one there by your side saying we can do it, he will never will,Ive been clean off meth for 7 years and with out my loved one i wouldnt have made it.stay strong things will get better,and god bless you and your family. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. In the United States, sharps injuries occur at a rate of 1.8 per year per physician and 0.98 per year per nurse while working on the same medical ward. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. I believe benzodiazepines can be detected in sweat and saliva as well. WebBlood and any body fluid visibly contaminated with blood should be considered capable of transmitting hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human There are also other drugs that are used to treat cancer in different ways, including targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Paz-Bailey G, Rosenberg ES, Sharp TM. Blood or body fluid exposures and HIV postexposure prophylaxis utilization among first responders. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can spread through sharing needles and other drug equipment. Hepatitis vaccination and prophylaxis. -, J Urol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. Download resources from the Lets Stop HIV Together campaign. Similarly, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, and peritoneal and pericardial fluids carry a significant risk of transmitting these viruses. CDC twenty four seven. Tax ID Number: 13-1788491. WebDrugs (both legal and illegal) leave traces in all bodily fluids, including blood, breast milk, urine and sperm. A prospective evaluation. He is not your husband and you son it owe him unprotected sex. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrightedmaterial. 2013 Sep. 34(9):875-92. The then-23-year-old was cleared to resume playing following a 2 1/2-month ban from the circuit after he convinced the International Tennis Federation's anti-doping tribunal that he had ingested cocaine while kissing a woman he had met in a nightclub. Risky procedures, risky devices, risky job. 2007 Jul. Crystal methamphetamine looks like glass fragments or shiny, bluish-white rocks. Management of occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. blood, semen ( cum ), pre-seminal fluid ( pre-cum ), rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and. 307 (1):75-84. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Chaiwarith R, Ngamsrikam T, Fupinwong S, Sirisanthana T. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers in a teaching hospital: an experience from northern Thailand. [5] In this chapter, we will mainly discuss HIV, HBV, and HCV infections. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Toolkit for Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs for Nurses in Oncology. Simul Healthc. HIV transmission in the health-care setting. dr's said no but i think they have no clue. That raises the question of how someone could take in enough cocaine by locking lips that the drug's chemical clues would show up in their urine. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. 105(1):92-5. 33(6):691-8. Clothes, air, skin, etc. J Infect Dis. N Engl J Med. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Infection prevention in the emergency department. [Full Text]. WebIn women, the lining of the vagina can sometimes tear and possibly allow HIV to enter the body. 2008 Sep;107(3-4):249-56. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.04.013. The CDC recommends that the minimum interval from potential exposure to Zika virus and blood donation is 120 days. Exposure of family members to antineoplastic drugs via excreta of treated cancer patients. Whether you or someone you love has cancer, knowing what to expect can help you cope. The viral infections of greatest concern related to drug use are HIV and hepatitis. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Your provider will need to make sure you are taking the medicine correctly. 2019, May 16. Available Every Minute of Every Day. 31 (3):182-6. Other people need to take medicine for the rest of their lives and be monitored for liver failure and cancer. The drug waste isalso in your blood, and may be in other body fluids such as fluids from semen and the vagina. These junctions are little more than specialized cell surface projections that allow intercellular communication. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Wash them in warm water with regular laundry detergent. Many needlesticks are preventable by strictly following established procedures. the ole man is going through chemo and radiation treatments. Any spilled IV chemo, any powder or dust from a pill or capsule, or any liquid from oral or other kinds of chemo can be hazardous to others if they are around it. What does it take to outsmart cancer? 1988 Oct 27. Research. [13], The risk for HCV transmission from a known HCV-positive source by a sharps injury is 0%-7%. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. 361(18):1768-75. 2019 Jan. 67 (1):18-20. This virus infects the body's immune cells, called CD4 cells (T cells), which are needed to fight infections. 1976 Sep 15;19(6):787-91 We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. In Olsen MM, LeFebvre KB, Brassil KJ, eds. Unless your health care team tells you differently, you can usually be around family and friends during the weeks and months you're getting chemo. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Management of needlestick injuries: a house officer who has a needlestick. Help us end cancer as we know it,for everyone. My husband continues to use. Liang SY, Theodoro DL, Schuur JD, Marschall J. The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life. In a retrospective study of first responders presenting to an ED for body fluid or blood exposure, the incidence was 23.29 ED visits per 100,000 ambulance runs. [23] One method for studying the effectiveness of PPE, along with the best way to don and doff this equipment by providers, is by using UV tracers. I'm sorry to hear this. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. cognitive-behavioral therapy, which helps patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations likely to trigger drug use. 62:1-19. [4] There are other diseases besides the above that can be transmitted by body fluids, including syphilis and other STIs, monkeypox, malaria, Ebola, and other hemorrhagic fevers. There are usually special precautions for storing and handling oral chemo drugs. An official website of the United States government. [Full Text]. Can bisoprolol fumarate cause you to sweat a lot? 307(1):75-84. I hate drugs, being around drugs or anything to do with drugs. It should be noted that saliva can also carry HBV. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver and can cause painful swelling and irritation, most often caused by a family of viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. Each has its own way of spreading to other people and needs its own treatment. Merchant RC, Nettleton JE, Mayer KH, Becker BM. You have abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. Yes. 2016 Sep. 68 (3):315-323.e1. Consequently, there is greater interest of Zika virus being imported into the Unites States by travelers from these areas. when she got to the jail they gave her a random drug test and she failed for meth and opiates the same drugs in my system that she has never done .. so yes it is very easily done. (These can be bought in most drug stores.) How Do You Get Rid of Bumps on Your Pubic Area? The American Cancer Society offers programs and services to help you during and after cancer treatment. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Only through ingesting it yourself and or of course being around pot smoke. [Guideline] CDC. If you're having unprotected intercourse, the substances in a man's To date, few studies have been conducted on this topic. [Full Text]. The main complication of body fluid exposure is acquisition of hepatitis and HIV infection. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. ), Note that the risk for HIV transmission in healthcare workers from exposure of the mucosa to HIV-infected fluids was extremely low (0.09%) and that no cases of HIV conversion after exposure of intact skin to HIV-contaminated fluids or from bites (unless visible blood was present) were reported. "Scientifically, the forensic toxicologist that looked at the case understood and it was proved scientifically that it was impossible to have taken this amount of cocaine intentionally," said Paul Greene. Jpn J Infect Dis. Swapping spit: How much cocaine can actually be passed through kissing? And some drugs and the packages they come in need to be disposed of in a certain way. Merchant RC, Becker BM, Mayer KH, Fuerch J, Schreck B. I asked him if Can Peanut Allergies Be Transfered Through Sperm? When dealing with blood and body fluid exposures, document whether the exposure represents a departure from universal precautions or Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards or whether it represents a true accident (eg, projectile vomiting, precipitous labor with spontaneous rupture of membranes). If you have been using cocaine, please seek help right away. Wu Y, Wang C, Tan J, Wei HK, Sun H, Peng J. Barber could also have been looking at a long absence from vaulting competition: the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport had proposed a four-year ban. Researchers don't yet know whether people breathing in secondhand methamphetamine smoke can get high or have other health effects. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. Prehosp Emerg Care. The American Cancer Society is a qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. Talk to your doctor or nurse about how the chemo you are getting is passed and what body fluids may be affected by chemo. You'll be fine, just drink plenty of water! Its not likely to cause any harm, but try to avoid this. N Engl J Med. Certain hardcore-street drug's will 100% pass into your system via semen! HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Farsi D, Zare MA, Hassani SA, Abbasi S, Emaminaini A, Hafezimoghadam P, et al. These infections can also spread if infected blood or bloody bodily fluids touch mucous membranes or an open sore or cut. Maternal transmissionfrom mother to childis how the infection is spread to infants . May 16, 2019, This publication is available for your use and may be reproduced, NIDA Resources on COVID-19 and Substance Use, Resources to Help Your Patients with SUD During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs, Overdose deaths involving methamphetamine, Accessibility and Section 508 Information, Employee Intranet - Staff Only, Requires VPN, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, injecting the powder that has been dissolved in water/alcohol, increased wakefulness and physical activity, increased blood pressure and body temperature, intense itching, leading to skin sores fromscratching, restoring blood flow to the affected part of the brain (stroke), restoring blood flow to the heart (heart attack). The virus is structurally stable, remaining viable and infectious for prolonged periods of up to 1 week on surfaces. But it's important to know that each chemo drug is excreted or passed through the body a bit differently. Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits. Pleas if you're not married, use a condom, especially with someone on drugs. 1994. Michaelis M, Gralla O, Behrends T, Scharpf M, Endermann T, Rijntjes E, Pietschmann N, Hollenbach B, Schomburg L. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Available for Android and iOS devices. But love is hard to walk away from when they are so good and perfectly fine not doing it.. idk its a hard thing but everyone is different, and understanding is a big deal to help someone. Clinical practice. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). 2008 Jun;106(1-2):36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.03.020. 54:1-17. to varieties of pills, drops, inhalers, creams, and patches can be disposed of via the trash. Can the result be the same for a man having sex with a woman who used crack but i didn't would my result be the same on a urine test? Trends and patterns in the transmission of bloodborne pathogens to health care workers. The last time i touched crack was my 21st birthday and im now 44. Opioids are one good example of drugs that can be detected in sweat and saliva. What Does That Mean? Investigations into the concentration and metabolite profiles of stanozolol and LGD-4033 in blood plasma and seminal fluid using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drugs can not be passed through sex, anal, kissing, touching, hugging, drinking. We offer this Site AS IS and without any warranties. I am too currently fighting DHS for custody. The importance of outpatient follow-up should be stressed to the patient. Available at http://www.halls.md/bsa/bsaVuReport.htm. Talk with your provider about your symptoms. ADHD is passed from the mother or father it has nothing to do with drugs or the use of drugs she has ADHD cause of you or her father or grand parents I have ADHD and it was passed to me from my mother but my son does not have it I smoked pot when he was in my tummy and my son is just fine and healthy. I have not touched any drug since and have no desire for any drugs!! https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine. Finally, the CDC recommends that women who have been infected or exposed to Zika virus wait at least 8 weeks from symptom onset or last possible exposure to Zika virus before attempting conception. J Hosp Infect. Wellthe issue with meth is that it does transfer. They can always slip and use again. However, some treatment centers only allow patients in the infusion area and visitors may need to stay in the waiting room. Researchers don't yet know if people breathing in secondhand methamphetamine smoke can get high or suffer other health effects. Maurer JJ, Wimmer ME, Turner CA, Herman RJ, Zhang Y, Ragnini K, Ferrante J, Kimmey BA, Crist RC, Christopher Pierce R, Schmidt HD. We're improving the lives of cancer patients and their families through advocacy, research, and patient support to ensure that everyone has an opportunity to prevent, detect, treat, and survive cancer. Our team is made up of doctors andoncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing. This is why there are safety rules and recommendations for people who handle chemo drugs. That is a nasty drug. Stewardson DA, Burke FJ, Elkhazindar MM, et al. Landovitz RJ, Currier JS. You never know the person, situation, background ~ and to sit up there on your high horse looking down, JUDGING OTHERS ~ Is WRONG! FOIA -, Drug Metab Dispos. (See Prognosis. Any clothes or sheets that have body fluids on them should be washed in your washing machine not by hand. I don't know why this is but it is ok? If you are taking an oral chemo drug, talk to your cancer care team about any special precautions needed at home. Try searching for what you seek or ask your own question. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 30 Jul. 2013 Spring. That's reportedly what happened to Canadian pole vaulter Shawn Barber, who tested positive for trace amounts of cocaine after winning the Canadian title in Edmonton in early July. With my kid we had to wear gloves to clean up her vomit and close the toilet lid before flushing to prevent inhaling aerosolized chemo. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. They aren't bumpy or itchy; they're actually quite smooth because I moisturize. Mauskopf JA, Bradley CJ, French MT. 2009 May. Some might have to be taken back to the drug store to be thrown away safely. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Risk of ocular blood splatter during oculofacial plastic surgery. Joel R Gernsheimer, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. 2022 Sep;27(9):3864-3874. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01622-7. There was only a trace that showed up but it was there. Careers. Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape consult. Ann Intern Med. 47:1-33. [18], It has also been recommended that oculofacial plastic surgeons strongly consider using eye protection during procedures that have the potential to cause splash exposures." 8(2):319-29. A needle stick or a cut from a sharp object, Contact with an open wound, such as a cut, chapped skin, or an abrasion, Contact with the eyes or mucus membrane, such as the lining of the mouth or nose. 2016 Apr 19. 2023 Feb;415(4):669-681. doi: 10.1007/s00216-022-04456-y. [27]. Breuer J, Thomas A, Delahaut P, Schnzer W, Geyer H, Thevis M. Anal Bioanal Chem. However, the effectiveness of this procedure relies on the accurate completion of this list, which often goes undone. Maybe an abnormal pH (most likely to acidic) is serving as an irritant to the delicate tissue within. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Robert LM, Bell DM. Women who become infected with a virus can pass it to their baby during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, whether or not they use drugs. Continue with Recommended Cookies. ", Audience Relations, CBC P.O. Among females, 21 percent (about 50,000) of HIV cases were attributed to IDU.2 Additionally, women who become infected with a virus can pass it to their baby during pregnancy, regardless of their drug use. The HBV viral DNA level correlates better with the infectivity of HBV than does the presence of HBeAg. To be falsely accused is terrible! [17] In addition, some individuals who are exposed to HIV or HCV may have the ability to clear these infections due to inherent cellular immunity and may not demonstrate an antibody response to these organisms. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. 2016 Apr. Chang L, Ernst T, Speck O, Grob CS. Didn't find the answer you were looking for? Seminal plasma proteins: what role do they play? Another important issue is the fact that many medical institutions adopt clinical pathways, algorithms, and plans for management of their own health care personnel but are woefully lacking when faced with the outside individual at significant risk for these diseases from needlesticks, mucous membrane splashes, or sexual encounters. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. I had no idea my bf did drugs. [6, 7, 8] There are about 385,000 percutaneous injuries a year in US Hospitals. The risk of developing HIV after a needlestick injury involving an HIV-infected patient is around 0.3%. [26]. Mast ST, Woolwine JD, Gerberding JL. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. And addicts even when they recover area always addicts. However, meaningful treatments now exist for HIV, HBV, and HCV infections. You can review and change the way we collect information below. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. 2012 Jul. So if I did saliva swab drug test would it come out positive for meth if I did oral on my boyfriend who is a userthat morning and I am not a user, Can you pleas tell me were you found the proof of that like a medical report please I am having the same issue and no one believes me you can e-mail me at ***@**** thank you, How did they research it because I'm in a outpatient I get tested all the time and the times I failed was because I had sex with my bf the night before he used cociane and other times I have passed because he didn't *** inside me but I can not get to a dr soon enough to prove I'm not using how else can I prove to my outpatient and probation I'm not usuing cuz when they send it to the lab even tho I told them he is usuing and I'm not that the lab is saying I ingested it when it's really him who ingested it I'm so confused on how it's not coming back saying it was passed threw semen I have never used cocaine or drugs ever I'm on probation for a dwi ? [Full Text]. Hepatitis B is spread through contact with body fluids infected with the virus, such as direct contact with blood or open wounds. 16(2):437-50. Enough that its chemical signature would show up on an athlete's doping tests? More information On average, an HIV-negative receptive partner has about a 1 in 70 chance of getting HIV every time they have receptive anal sex with a partner who has HIV.
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