Despite the grandeur, the three-day wedding extravaganza featured controversial elements. In 1979, his morganatic son Nicholas Romanovich Romanoff formed a private organisation called the Romanov Family Association, which now groups together descendants of the many non-dynastic marriages contracted by various dynasts since 1917. A survey the following year by the state-owned VTsIOM found that 68 percent of Russians are categorically against autocracy as a form of government, though the same number of 18-to-34-year-olds were tolerant of the idea of monarchy. For example, Grand Duke Dmitri, Prince of the Imperial Blood Vsevelod, and Prince of the Imperial Blood Gavriel requested and received permission to marry morganatically, and their spouses were given the morganatic titles of Princess Romanovsky-Ilyinsky, Princess Romanovsky-Pavlovsky and Princess Romanovsky-Strelninsky, respectively. George Mikhailovich, 40, was born in Madrid and has lived most of his life in Spain and France. The two living members of the Imperial House today, the Grand Duchess Maria and her son, the Grand Duke George, have made clear that they are not members of the Romanov Family Association (RFA), a private organization. His great-grandson was born in Madrid and lived in Spain and France. Nicholas II required that, in order to obtain permission to marry a morganatic spouse, a prince of the imperial blood would first have to renounce his rights to the throne. While the leadership of the church recognizes the grand duchesss claim to the throne, there are other Romanovs who dispute it. The Wedding of Tsesarevich Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia and Princess Victoria Romanovna Romanoff (wearing the Chaumet Lacis Tiara) at the Russian Museum of Ethnography in Saint Petersburg on the evening of October 1st, following their Wedding at the Saint Isaacs Cathedral in Saint Petersburg.There was a Reception at the Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. ", The Murder of the Grand Dukes: 100 Years Later, Firmly and Unflinchingly As Did My Late Father, The Russian Legitimist Salutes H.M. King Simeon II of Bulgaria, A Statement from Russian Legitimist on the Future of the Romanov Family Association, On The House of Romanoff, the Nobility, and the Orders of Chivalry of the Russian Empire, On the Legal Status of the Russian Imperial House in the Russian Federation, Russian Nobility Association, Moscow July 28, 2015, A Legitimist Response to Criticism of the Engagement of Grand Duke George, Russian Legitimist Responds to a "Declaration" of the Romanoff Family Association, Chancellery of the Russian Imperial House Responds to False Declaration., Declaration of the Senior Russian Dynasts, October 1938, The Royal House of Bagration: Source Materials, The Letter of Recognition of HH Prince Andrei Alexandrovich, Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. After Kirills death in 1938, Prince of the Imperial Blood Andrew also sent a letter dated 1 November 1938 to his uncle confirming that the Grand Duke Vladimir had succeeded as head of the dynasty (it is self-evident that after the death of Kirill as Head of the Imperial House, his son inherits by right of seniority:personally, I considered Kirill as such and now I recognize his son as such. How does the Dynasty's 1938 declaration affect Andrew, Olga, and Rostislav Romanoff? She is not of noble blood and her mother-in-law decided to limit her access to royal titles. Because the Grand Duke Vladimir was, according to the dynastic laws, the last male dynast of the Imperial House of Romanoff-Holstein-Gottorp, the succession at his death passed to the female line, in the person of his daughter Grand Duchess Maria. Many dynasties have now dropped their equal marriage rules (including the Austrian dynasty in the 1990s and the Spanish dynasty early in the 21stcentury) as no longer appropriate to the modern age. Most of the morganatic children of these marriages are also no longer alive. What do the terms "Dynast" and "Non-Dynast" mean? Prince of the Imperial Blood Roman did not marry a princess of a royal house and thus his children were not members of the Imperial House. This would likely have happened anyway, even if there had been no revolution:a haemophiliac born in 1904 like the Tsesarevich Alexei would be unlikely in that period to live to adulthood and have children, and Nicholas IIs brother Michael married morganatically, so that his descendants would be excluded from the succession. Russia Hosts First Royal Wedding Since Bolshevik Revolution. The bride wore a white satin gown by fashion designer Reem Acra, and the Lacis Tiara by Chaumet. Vladimir outlived Roman and all the other living male dynasts. 15 of them recognised the Grand Duke Kirill as Head of the Imperial House and his son the Grand Duke Vladimir as his fathers Heir. The Romanov family ruled until 1917, when the Russian Revolution began and Vladimir Lenin seized power, establishing the world's first communist state. Bettarini, 39, wore a diamond tiara and flowing white dress, the long train carried by her bridesmaids. Mikhailovichs great-grandfather, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, fled Russia during the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, escaping first to Finland and later relocating with his family to Western Europe. But Blogger Two for whatever reason is apparently highly offended by the Grand Duke Kirills continuation of this well-established practice. This story has been shared 170,146 times. Blogger One, in his opposition to the successive legitimist heads of the Russian dynasty, is obviously annoyed and frustrated by this. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The situation of European dynasties in 1921, and even in 1961, is very different from that of 2021. There will also be a reception at the St Petersburg Ethnographic Museum and a brunch at Konstantinovsky Palace, which will include an auction and live performances. What is the position of the Russian Imperial House on the Ekaterinburg remains? For the groom, a Romanov and descendant of the imperial throne, and his Italian bride, the wedding represents the pinnacle of their attempts to re-establish a monarchic presence in Russias public life. / CBS News. [The following sources for the above chronology are gratefully acknowledged:Succession to the Russian Imperial Throneby Archbishop Antony;The Russian Imperial Successionby Brien Purcell Horan;The Russian Succession in 2013, Simplifiedby Brien Purcell Horan; andA Throne, Which Not For An Instant Might Become Vacantby Professor Russell E. Martin, Ph.D. The Grand Duke George of Russia was given this ring by his mother, the Head of the Imperial House of Russia, H.I.H. Anyone can read what you share. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov, 40, tied the knot with his 39-year-old Italian fiancee, Rebecca Virginia Bettarini, at St. Isaac's Cathedral in the presence of dozens of royals. ), The International Commission on Orders of Chivalry, The Russian Legitimist Organization "For Faith and Fatherland", The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IPPO), "The Russian Imperial Succession" by Brien Purcell Horan, "Simplified Succession" by Brien Purcell Horan, "A Throne, Which 'Not For An Instant Might Become Vacant'" by Russell E. Martin, "Law, Succession, and the 18th Century Refounding of the Romanov Dynasty" by Russell E. Martin, "The Russian Imperial Succession Another View" by Guy Stair Sainty, "Succession to the Russian Imperial Throne" by Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles, Ed., (R.O.C.O.R. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: ??????? WebIn 1976, Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Maria of Russia, daughter of the Grand Duke Wladimir, Head of the Russian Imperial House, married in Madrid His Royal Highness Prince Franz-Wilhelm of Prussia. Among the list of royal attendees were Princess La of Belgium, Queen Sofia of Spain, Prince Rudolph and Princess Tilsim of Liechtenstein, and the last czar of Bulgaria, Simeon II. The perception is, Whatever system you have you end up with a czar anyway, that the Russian people deep down have a monarchist mentality, he said. Tatler reports that Victoria wore the Lacis Tiara from Chaumet, which is apparently a modern reimagining of the Russian kokoshnik tiara, the same style of tiara as worn by Princess Eugenie at her 2018 wedding. Wedding ceremony of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia and his fiancee, Italian citizen Rebecca (Victoria) Bettarini, at St Isaac's Cathedral, St Petersburg, Russia on September 30, 2021. According to his official biography, he is related to every royal family in Europe. Other than the Grand Duke Vladimir, the last surviving male dynast was Prince of the Imperial Blood Vasily, who died in 1989. How is Grand Duchess Maria Related to Other Royal Families? Romanov said that the couple chose the former imperial capital for the ceremony because it was the first place in Russia where the family had returned following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991. At the time of the marriage of the Grand Duke Georges parents in 1976, it was agreed by the Head of the Imperial House of Russia and the Head of the Royal House of Prussia that children of the marriage would be first and foremost Russian dynasts. He and Ms. Bettarini, now Romanovna, began dating while they lived in Brussels, but the pair moved to Moscow two years ago to run the philanthropic foundation they established together in 2013. Fish contaminated with "forever chemicals" found in nearly every state, CBS News Poll: How GOP primary race could be Trump v. Trump fatigue, Missing teens may be among 7 found dead in Oklahoma, authorities say, Gordon Lightfoot, "Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" singer, dies at age 84, Bob Lee died from three stab wounds, medical examiner says, At least 6 dead after dust storm causes massive pile-up on Illinois highway, Oklahoma governor signs gender-affirming care ban for kids, U.S. tracking high-altitude balloon first spotted off Hawaii, Russia has first "royal wedding" in 127 years, Russia holds first "royal wedding" since Bolshevik Revolution. Ignore this law? He and his now-wife, Victoria, moved to Russia in 2019. The tiara is 27.03 carats, featuring two central diamonds of 5.02 and 2.21 carats respectively, as well as 438 pav diamonds. Both outfits were, of course, topped off with a tiara. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov and his Italian wife Rebecca Virginia Bettarini. Kirills declaration upset the aged and emotionally shattered Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna (mother of Nicholas II). He is from . Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov married Italian Victoria Romanovna Bettarini on Friday, October 1 at St. Isaac's Cathedral. Despite connections to Kremlin-linked officials, and a tacit government consent for a limited monarchial presence, Moscows response to the wedding was tepid. WebGrand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: ; 23 August 1863 28 January 1919) was a Grand Duke of Russia, first cousin of Emperor Alexander III of Ms. Bettarini, who also founded a consulting company, said in an interview that she wrote two novels during the Covid-19 pandemic, including one called Aristocrazy.. For legitimist purposes, it is important to reiterate the following key facts, lest they be obscured by a wind storm of garbled analysis anddezinformatsiya: In June and July 1918, the Bolsheviks brutally murdered Emperor Nicholas II, his son Tsesarevich Alexei, and the Emperors brother, the Grand Duke Michael. Facts are stubborn things. In a 1954 letter to the Grand Duke Vladimir signed by hisaffectionate nieceand following the 1953 birth of his daughter the Grand Duchess Maria, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain notedthe birth on the 23rdDecember 1954 of a Grand Duchess, who will bear the name of Marieand offered herwarm congratulations on these happy events together with my best wishes for your health and well-being and for that of the infant Grand Duchess and her mother., In 1948, the Grand Duke Vladimir had married a princess of a royal house, Princess Leonida Bagration. Empress Elizabeth called her nephew Peter of Holstein to Russia and created him a Grand Duke of Russia. Yet the grand He argues that her branch of the family enforced the equal marriage law to exclude others but that she was now changing the law for the convenience of her son. She is the self-proclaimed heir to Russias imperial throne. What are the relations between the Russian Imperial House and the Order of Malta? We provide what many people cannot get locally: uncensored news, responsible discussion, and open debate. 2015. The Russian dynasty had a senior tier (the grand dukes, who were closer in the line of succession) and a junior tier (the princes of the imperial blood, also called Princes of Russia, who were more distant in the line of succession). All three are now saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. Mr. Romanov first traveled to Russia as an 11-year-old, for the funeral of his grandfather, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich Romanov, in 1992. A Romanov relative married in an extravagant St. Petersburg ceremony. Victoria changed dresses for the reception at the Russian Museum of Ethnography. Only 3 dynasts declined to recognise the Grand Duke Kirill as dynastic head. Contact | Privacy Statement | Terms & Conditions. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Thanks for contacting us. The current elected president of the RFA, Olga Romanoff, is the daughter of Prince of the Imperial Blood Andrew Alexandrovich and Miss Nadine McDougall. Raised in both Spain and France, Mr. Romanov was educated at Oxford and worked for several European Union institutions as well as Russian mining giant Norilsk Nickel group before starting his own consultancy. Is Grand Duke George a Romanoff or a Hohenzollern? The last one was in 1961. This year he was added to the FBIs wanted list.. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2023 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1, Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich and Grand Duchess Maria, Grand Duke Wladimir and Grand Duchess Leonida, 1967 Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorations of the Revolution in the USA, Wedding of Grand Duchess Maria and Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich, Grand Duchess Maria and Grand Duke George, Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Vladimir Alexandrovich. Postmedia Network Inc. | 365 Bloor Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3L4 | 416-383-2300. Their view was that the succession laws could simply be ignored. A descendant of Russia's long-defunct Imperial family just .css-gegin5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#9a0500;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-gegin5:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}married in St. Petersburg, marking the country's first royal wedding in over a century. Bettarini, 39, who converted to the Russian Orthodox faith last year and Across the street from the cathedral, Olga, 57, was giddily taking photos of the wedding guests as they emerged. Olga Maltseva/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. In the midst of this positive coverage, however, we regret to note a couple of ill-timed attacks which seek to cast shadows on the happiness of the young couple. The rings worn by members of the Russian Imperial Family often had diamonds, sapphires, and rubies, reflecting Russias national colours white, blue, and red. The 26 morganatic marriages mentioned above occurred decades before the Grand Duchess Maria became head of the dynasty. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, Genealogy and Succession Within the Imperial House, Non-dynastic Descendants of the Romanoff Family, The 1976 Wedding of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, The Christening of HSH Prince Alexander Georgievich Romanoff, The Website of the Russian Imperial House, The Chancellery of The Russian Imperial House, The Chancellery of the Russian Imperial Orders, The Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (R.O.C.O.R. The succession then immediately passed to the surviving senior male dynast, the Grand Duke Kirill, the eldest son of the deceased Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the next brother of Alexander III. The royal family Czar Nicholas II, Czarina Alexandra, their five children were executed in 1918 in Yekaterinburg, after being sent to house arrest. This website and its original content is copyright of THE RUSSIAN LEGITIMIST. Mikhailovich's bride, Bettarini, whose father served in the Italian diplomatic service, has converted to Russian Orthodox, becoming Victoria Romanovna. Members of Europes noble families gathered to celebrate Russias first royal wedding since the days of the imperial monarchy. To the extent that today some morganatic descendants of Alexander III may still regret that the succession passed from the dynastic descendants of Alexander III to those of his brother Vladimir Alexandrovich, it is nonetheless a fact. Elizabeths sister the Grand Duchess Anna had married the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and had a son, Prince Peter of Holstein-Gottorp. She changed for the museum reception, sporting an embroidered white ballgown with a puff-sleeved jacket. sanctions since 2014 for allegedly funding pro-Russian separatists fighting in Ukraine. First, based on the documents issued by the Grand Duchess Marias chancellery in Moscow, she clearly has not changed the law. He is the great-grandson of the cousin of the last Russian emperor, Nicholas II, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich Romanov. This is a very specious argument for two reasons. In Russia in particular, the favourable media coverage has been marked by a fascination with the first wedding in Russia of a member of the Imperial House in more than a century. RFE/RL journalists report the news in 27languages in 23countries where a free press is banned by the government or not fully established. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Of Russia, Net Grand Duke of Russia George Mikhailovich Romanov and Victoria Romanovna Bettarini at their wedding ceremony in St. Petersburg on Friday. The wedding was attended by hundreds of guests, including Mikhailovichs mother, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna the self-proclaimed heir to Russias imperial throne. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. 26 of these were morganatic marriages to commoners. As the late Sir Iain Moncreiffe, lawyer, historian, member of the household of Queen Elizabeth II, and scholar of Byzantine and Georgian history once wrote,[The] Bagrationdynasty had reigned in the male line as Kings from 886 until the 19th century, before the 17th century boyar family of Romanoff dispossessed them. Second, the comparison is highly flawed. "This was the first place in Russia to which we returned," George Mikhailovich, 40, told news website Fontanka.ru about the choice of St. Petersburg for his wedding. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov, a descendant of Russia's last royal family, married his wife Rebecca Bettarini in an ornate ceremony in St. Petersburg. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russias Net Worth: $1-5 Million Age, Height & Body Measurements Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia is currently age In an interview, he said he was delighted at what the couples wedding represents to conservatives. This is a tremendously significant historical event for one of the worlds most consequential dynasties, said Russell Martin, a history professor at Westminster College in Pennsylvania, with overstatement that seemed fitting for an occasion draped in opulence. King Charles' coronation: The schedule, and how to watch the ceremony, Astronomers detect "Scary Barbie" black hole ripping apart huge star, MasterChef Australia host Jock Zonfrillo found dead at 46, King Charles III's net worth and where his wealth comes from. Every Russian emperor from Alexander I through Nicholas II had enforced the equal marriage law. Vladimir, as Head of the Imperial House, deemed this a dynastic marriage, based on the facts that the Bagrations had reigned over the Kingdom of Georgia until the 19thcentury and that in a solemn 1783 treaty Catherine the Great had committed to have Imperial Russia recognise the royal status of the Bagrations for all time. All three are now saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. For his part, Blogger Two seems perturbed that the Grand Duke Kirill of Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House from 1918 to 1938, enforced in exile the Romanoff house laws, including theequal marriage lawrequiring dynasts to marry princesses of royal houses in order to transmit membership of the Imperial House to their spouses and descendants. George himself spent most of his life between Spain, where he was born, and France. The families present here built Europe as we know it., Mr. Malofeev is believed to be well-connected to the Kremlin, as is Yevgeny V. Prigozhin, the owner of a catering business that provided food for some of the wedding events. Please enter valid email address to continue. He succeeded her in 1762 as Emperor Peter III and was the ancestor of the current Romanoff-Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, of which the Grand Duchess Maria is the last living dynast of its male line.) From the fall of the monarchy in 1917 to the present, members of the Russian dynasty have contracted 30 marriages. With the approval of the Head of the Royal House of Prussia, the Prince converted to Orthodoxy and was created a Grand Duke of Russia by the Grand Duke Vladimir. It was thought unlikely that the throne would ever pass to any of them. Neither is a trained historian, and we disagree with their vituperations. If Roman had outlived Vladimir and succeeded as head of the dynasty, he may well have revoked the equal marriage law and promoted his two sons from morganatic descendants to members of the Imperial House. This wedding has nothing to do with our agenda.. Blogger One insists on referring to the Grand Duke George of Russia as aPrince of Prussia.He refers to the fact that the Grand Dukes father is a Prince of Prussia. When he was 18 years old, H.I.H. Russias last tsar, Nicholas II, his wife and five children were murdered by a firing squad in 1918. WebIn June and July 1918, the Bolsheviks brutally murdered Emperor Nicholas II, his son Tsesarevich Alexei, and the Emperors brother, the Grand Duke Michael. WebGrand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russias income source is mostly from being a successful . But even Nicholas Romanoff publicly admitted that Kirill and then his son Vladimir had been the heads of the dynasty; he described Kirills rights asincontestable., The Grand Duke Kirill died in 1938 and was succeeded as Head of the Imperial House by his 21 year old son the Grand Duke Vladimir. What is the difference between the Russian Imperial House and the Romanoff Family? By omitting their names, the 1938 Declaration announced that such people as Paul Ilyinsky (son of Grand Duke Dmitri, who signed the 1938 Declaration), Vladimir Andreivich Romanoff (son of Grand Duke Andrew, who signed the 1938 Declaration), Andrew Romanoff (son of Prince of the Imperial Blood Andrew Alexandrovich), and Nicholas Romanovich and Dmitri Romanovich Romanoff (sons of Prince of the Imperial Blood Roman) were not members of the Imperial House. A descendent of Russia's Romanov monarchy, which was toppled in the 1917 revolution, has married in a lavish ceremony in St Petersburg. Does the Russian Imperial Family Plan to Return to Live in Russia? Both Bagration and Romanoff are now equally dispossessed:which needs the official recognition of which?. Updated on: October 2, 2021 / 9:18 PM This is the first imperial wedding in Russia since the fall of the monarchy in 1917. pic.twitter.com/98Lm29IhqK RoyalArjan (@RoyalArjan) October 1, After 100 Years, a Royal Wedding in Russia Evokes Days of the Czars, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/01/world/europe/russia-romanov-wedding.html. On October 1, 2021, Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov, a descendant of the Russian royal family, got married to his Italian fiance Victoria Romanovna Bettarini (born Rebecca Virginia Bettarini) at St Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. See New Photo, King Charles Coronation: The Complete Guest List, Royals Confirmed to Attend Charles's Coronation, What Tiara Kate Will Wear to Charles's Coronation, Kate & Princess Charlotte Attended the Ballet, Best Photos of Princess Alexandra's Royal Wedding. ST. PETERSBURG, Russia Under the watch of a ceremonial honor guard, the bride walked slowly down the aisle as a flock of young attendants held her 23-foot train aloft. The groom was Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov, 40, a descendant of the Russian imperial throne, and his Italian partner was Rebecca Bettarini, 39. The wedding on Friday represents, at least in part, the evolving memory of the Russian empire and the family that ruled it for 300 years. European aristocrats flocked to St Petersburg today to watch Russias first royal wedding since the monarchy was destroyed by the 1917 Bolshevik revolution. She is the granddaughter of Grand Duke Kirill, a cousin of Nicholas II who fled Russia during the revolution. A post shared by The Royal Watcher (@the_royal_watcher) Royalty from around the world have gathered in St. Petersburg for the Wedding of Tsesarevich Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia, the only son of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (the Head of the House of Romanov) and Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, and Nob. Mikhailovich, the groom, is part of the former royal family, and his mother, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, is the self-proclaimed heir to Russia's imperial throne. WebSources estimate that Romanovs net worth was over $300 billion, with the main source of this amount of money being his regency as the Emperor of Russia, since he inherited the Does the Russian Imperial House seek the return of properties seized by the Bolsheviks? This is not about current political events. These source materials are all available on this website.]. ), "Law and Familial Order in the Romanov Dynasty" by Russell E. Martin, "The Romanoffs and the Bagrations" by Daniel Sargis, "World War II and the House of Romanoff" by Tolsktikovich & Zakatov, The Abdication of Nicholas II: 100 Years Later, 1924: "Who Shall Be The Emperor of Russia? In 1911, however, Nicholas II reiterated that the equal marriage rule applied to all dynasts, whether grand dukes or princes of the imperial blood. Caitlin O'Kane is a digital content producer covering trending stories for CBS News and its good news brand, The Uplift. The pairs union was blessed by the Russian Orthodox Churchs top official in St. Petersburg, Metropolitan Varsonofy, and Mr. Romanovs mother, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov tied the knot with Victoria Romanovna Bettarini in a Russian Orthodox ceremony at St. Isaacs Cathedral in Russias former royal capital St. Petersburg. A royal wedding occurred in Russia on Thursday the country's first such event in more than 100 years.
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