This drew a reaction from Sacagawea that Clark recorded the next day, preserving a glimpse of her personality and curiosity about the world: The last evening Shabono and his Indian woman was very impatient to be permitted to go with me, and was therefore indulged; She observed that She had traveled a long way with us to See the great waters, and that now that monstrous fish was also to be Seen, She thought it verry hard that She Could not be permitted to See either (She had never yet been to the Ocian). On this day in 1805, Sacagaweawho at about age 12 had been kidnapped from her Shoshone Tribe by the Hidatsaswas reunited with her brother Cameahwait and her band of Shoshones near what is now Lemhi Pass while accompanying Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery. Sacagaweas memories of Shoshone trails led to Clarks characterization of her as his pilot. She helped navigate the Corps through a mountain passtodays Bozeman Pass in Montanato the Yellowstone River. When the expedition approached the Shoshone, Sakakawea recognized The captains and Drouillard shared the Charbonneaus leather tipi until it rotted away late in 1805, so both captains knew her well. this operation she performed by penetrating the earth with a sharp stick about some small collections of drift wood. She and Clark were fond of each other and performed numerous acts of kindness for one another, but romance between them occurred only in latter-day fiction. Bismarck, North Dakota 58505 On April 7, Sacagawea, the baby and Charbonneau headed west with the 31 other Corps members. Clark served as primary physician, dosing the boy with laxatives. But Jefferson wanted more from the explorers who would search for the passage: He charged them with surveying the landscape, learning about the varied Native American tribes, collecting natural specimens and making maps. Some biographers and oral traditions contend that it was another of Charbonneaus wives who died in 1812 and that Sacagawea went to live among the Comanches, started another family, rejoined the Shoshones, and died on Wyomings Wind River Reservation on April 9, 1884. Jean Baptiste, now fifteen months old, was having a difficult time teething, and also had an abscess on his neck. He then joined the Virginia state militiawhere he helped to put down the Whiskey Rebellionand later became a captain in the U.S. Army. By mid-August the expedition encountered a band of Shoshones led by Sacagaweas brother Cameahwait. Lewis group took a shortcut north to the Great Falls of the Missouri River and explored Marias Rivera tributary of the Missouri in present-day Montanawhile Clarks group, including Sacagawea and her family, went south along the Yellowstone River. Charbonneau had lived among Native Americans for so long he had adopted some of their traditions, including polygamy. Interpreter with "fortitude and resolution". Today, however, many Shoshone, among others, argue that in their language Sacajawea means boat-pusher and is her true name. Speaking both Shoshone and Hidatsa, she served as a link in the communication chain during some crucial negotiations, but was not on the expeditions payroll. Sacagawea's indispensable role in the expedition made her a . He then accompanied Lewis across the Lemhi Pass to meet Clark. The excursion lasted over two years. . On March 23, 1806, the Corps left Fort Clatsop for home. Clark commented that The indian woman who has been of great Service to me as a pilot through this Country recommends a gap in the mountain more South which I shall cross. This led the party up to todays Bozeman Pass in the Bridger Range. The interpretess was now at work, beginning her most significant contribution to the expedition. When explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark arrived at the Mandan-Hidatsa villages and built Fort Mandan to spend the winter of 180405, they hired Charbonneau as an interpreter to accompany them to the Pacific Ocean. When she was approximately 12 years old, Sacagawea was captured by an enemy tribe, the Hidatsa, and taken from her Lemhi Shoshone people to the Hidatsa villages near present-day Bismarck, North Dakota. Settled with Touisant Chabono for his Services as an enterpreter the price of a horse and Lodge purchased of him for public Service in all amounting to 500$ 33 1/3 cents. Ibid., 8:305,, Larry E. Morris, The Fate of the Corps: What Became of the Lewis and Clark Explorers After the Expedition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 188, lists Toussaint Charbonneaus parents as, The large Indian breadroot, formerly known as Psoralea esculenta, is a member of the pea family now known as Pediomelum esculentumpee-dee-oh-MEE-lum plain apple and ess-kyu-LEN-tum. On July 25, 1806, Clark carved his name and the date on a large rock formation near the Yellowstone River he named Pompeys Pillar, after Sacagaweas son whose nickname was Pompey. The site is now a national monument managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior. "Lewis & Clark at Three Forks," mural in lobby of Montana House of Representatives. Both captains offered several trade articles for it and were turned down (Ordway noted that the Clatsops would accept only blue beads, and Whitehouse that these were the most valuable to them). Due to the expedition, something wonderful also happened to her: she was reunited with her long lost brother, Cameahwait! I offered to take his little Son a butifull promising child who is 19 months old to which they both himself & wife wer willing provided the Child has been weened. Sacagawea reunited with her long lost brother during the journey. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); which the mice collect and deposit in large hoards. Sacagawea and her husband, a French Canadian trader named Charbonneau, were living with . After more than a year of planning and initial travel, Lewis and Clark and their men reached the Hidatsa-Mandan settlementabout 60 miles northwest of present-day Bismarck, North Dakotaon November 2, 1804, when Sacagawea was about six months pregnant. . At age 27 he became personal secretary to President Thomas Jefferson. On July 5, 1803, Lewis visited the arsenal at Harpers Ferry to obtain munitions. Born into a tribe of Shoshones who still live on the Salmon River in the state of Idaho, she had been among a number of women and children captured by Hidatsas who raided their camp near the Missouri Rivers headwaters about five years previously. . After Fort Clatsop residents cooked and ate some, Clark decided to take twelve men and try to trade for a supply. according to the journals, her biggest contribution was interpreting with the Shoshone in order to secure horses and find the best route over the Rocky Mountains. . preparations immediately. of each month, 10 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Sacagawea delivered her son Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau (known as Baptiste) on February 11, 1805. The two groups planned to rendezvous where the Yellowstone and Missouri met in North Dakota. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [13]Clark used the name again when writing to Toussaint Charbonneau from the Arikara villages on the Missouri on 20 August 1806, to reiterate his invitation: . On 25 July 1806, Clark climbed a 200-feet-tall sandstone column that rose beside the Yellowstone (east of todays Billings), and carved his name and the date after enjoying from its top . Cameahwait was the brother of Sacagawea, and a Shoshone chief. Hours: . Both of Charbonneaus wives were captured Shoshones. But Sacagawea still was on familiar turf, and knew the way to the Yellowstone. Now Clark made, or possibly reiterated, an amazing offerto see to Jean Baptistes education in St. Louis. It was recorded briefly and matter-of-factly by . The Charbonneaus went to St. Louis in September 1809, when their son was four. What were Jeffersons reasons for wanting to explore the West? westward. A few days before the marrow bones, on 30 November 1805, Clark had written: The Squar gave me a piece of bread made of flour which She had reserved [the Corps last mentioned use of flour was nearly three months before] for her child and carefully Kept until this time, which has unfortunately got wet, and a little Sourthis bread I eate with great Satisfaction, it being the only mouthfull I had tasted for Several months past. Had the Mandan and Hidatsa ever seen an African-American before? Clark, in particular, developed a close bond with Sacagawea as she and Baptiste would often accompany him as he took his turn walking the shore, checking for obstacles in the river that could damage the boats. Clark wrote on Christmas 1805 about the pore celebration dinner, and also listed the gifts he received, including two Dozen white weazils tails of the Indian woman.[15]Moulton identifies these as likely from the long-tailed weasel, Mustela frenata, 6:138n2. In 2000 her likeness appeared on a gold-tinted dollar coin struck by the U.S. Mint. Others were wary of Lewis and Clark and their intentions and were openly hostile, though seldom violent. Most of the Corps members spoke only English, but one, Francois Labiche, spoke French as well. The farming didnt work out, however, and Sacagawea and Charbonneau left Baptiste in St. Louis with Clarknow his godfatherin April 1811 so that they could join a fur-trading expedition. As the men of the Corps of Discovery work steadily to complete the construction of Fort Mandan before the coming Northern Plains winterheralded by the cacaphony of two flocks of southbound Canada geeseToussaint Charbonneau and his two wives, both of the Snake (Shoshone) nation, come to call. Throughout the winter of 1803-1804, Clark recruited and trained men at Camp DuBois north of St. Louis, Missouri. Her name is Sacagawea, a teen-age girl about 17 years of age who was captured by Hidatsa warriors at the Three Forks of the Missouri when she was about 12, and raised through puberty in Metaharta, a Hidatsa village at the mouth of the Knife River. Her baby, named Jean Baptiste, was born on February 11, 1805. Pompy was about 18 months old at the time. While at Fort Mandan, Lewis and Clark met French-Canadian trapper Toussaint Charbonneau and hired him as an interpreter. No Hidatsa chief would agree to go to meet President Jefferson, so Charbonneaus interpreting services were no longer needed. Within about four weeks theyd built a triangular-shaped fort called Fort Mandan, which was surrounded by 16-foot pickets and contained quarters and storage rooms. He chose unmarried, healthy men who were good hunters and knew survival skills. Sacagawea, also spelled Sacajawea, (born c. 1788, near the Continental Divide at the present-day Idaho-Montana border [U.S.]died December 20, 1812?, Fort Manuel, on the Missouri River, Dakota Territory), Shoshone Indian woman who, as interpreter, traveled thousands of wilderness miles with the Lewis and Clark Expedition (180406), from the Mandan-Hidatsa villages in the Dakotas to the Pacific Northwest. The artist may be contacted at Michael Haynes, Historic Art. Yes. Discover the adventures of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark as they traversed the vast, unknown continent of North America. Sacagawea spent 21 months with Lewis and Clark and Then Sacagawea became ill and wanted to return to her Hidatsa home. Theyd completed their mission and had to find a place to live for the winter before heading home. Lewis and Clark also recognized that the Shoshone had horses they would need to purchase. What did William Clark do after the exploration? Almost everyone was weak and sick with stomach problems (likely caused by bacterial infections), hunger or influenza-like symptoms. Within a year, Clark became legal guardian to both Lisette and Baptiste. After Lewis and Clark finally make contact with the Shoshone, Sacagawea is joyfully reunited with her brother Cameahwait, who is now the Shoshone chief. . After reaching the Pacific, Sacagawea returned with the rest of the Corps and her husband and sonhaving survived illness, flash floods, temperature extremes, food shortages, mosquito swarms and so much moreto their starting point, the Hidatsa-Mandan settlement, on August 14, 1806. State Historical Society offices: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F, except state holidays. to proceed tomorrow with a small party . 2009 by Kristopher K. Townsend. The scene is inside the leather lodge Lewis purchased from Toussaint Charbonneau at Fort Mandan. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Ibid., 4:175n5. All Rights Reserved. Only Charbonneau expressed no opinion. During the portage around the Great Falls of the Missouri, Sacagawea was quite ill for ten days, and Clark was her caregiver. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Janey? tearful reunion. Clark wanted to do more for their family, so he offered to assist them and eventually secured Charbonneau a position as an interpreter. Cameahwait, whom Clark called a man of Influence Sence & easey & reserved manners, [who] appears to possess a great deel of Cincerity,[1]Moulton, ed., Journals, 5:114, 17 August 1805. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); seems to be speaking softly to the 6-month-old baby. arrived at Fort Osage, spent the night and departed the next morning. Had the Mandan and Hidatsa ever seen an African-American before? How and why did the United States obtain the Louisiana Purchase? When Clark wrote his list of the fates of expedition members sometime between 1825 and 1828, he noted Sacagawea as deceased. They allowed his pregnant Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, to join him on the expedition. . wore around her waste (Clark). . . bring down you Son your famn Continue reading jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); Most of the Corps stayed at a base camp on Tongue Point, Oregon, while Lewis and some men scouted for a wintering site in early December. Born in 1788 or 1789, a member of the Lemhi band of the Native American Shoshone tribe, Sacagawea grew up surrounded by the Rocky Mountains in the Salmon River region of what is now Idaho. READ MORE:Lewis and Clark: A Timeline of the Expedition. A Shoshone woman, she accompanied the expedition as an interpreter and traveled with them for thousands of miles from St Louis, Missouri, to the Pacific Northwest. It was not an easy winter at Fort Clatsop. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Preparations for the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Lewis was accidentally shot in his buttocks. Reaching a village of Umatillas near present Plymouth, the whites found men, women, and children hiding in terror. The Corps spent the next five months at Fort Mandan hunting, forging and making canoes, ropes, leather clothing and moccasins while Clark prepared new maps. Corrections? [20]An 11 August 1813, court filing in St. Louis listed Lisette as being about one year old. Ibid., 117. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); John C. Luttig, Lisas clerk at Fort Manuel, kept a journal that included this entry for 20 December 1812: This Evening the Wife of Charbonneau a Snake Squaw, died of a putrid fever[21]Putrid fever was a contemporary term for typhus, an infectious disease caused by rickettsia bacteria, transmitted by lice. Moulton identifies these as likely from the. What did Meriwether Lewis do after the exploration? In 1802, King Charles IV of Spain returned the Louisiana Territory to France and revoked Americas port access. Lewis and Clark hoped she could help them communicate with any Shoshone theyd encounter on their journey. The next day, her loan was repaid with a Coate of Blue cloth.. In fact, the Corps encountered around 50 different Native American tribes including the Shoshone, the Mandan, the Minitari, the Blackfeet, the Chinook and the Sioux. Sacagawea and another member of the Corps were the first to see Lewis and the Shoshone. Hawai'i Community College HOHONU 2013 Vol. She and her family were in Clarks party heading to the Yellowstone River, which traveled north of the Shoshones country en route to Camp Fortunateand the month was July, too early for the Shoshones annual buffalo hunting trip east of the mountains. Suddenly, Sacagawea began to dance and suck her fingers as she pointed at Drouillard and his Shoshoni companion. . True. On April 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark sent some of their crew and their keelboat loaded with zoological and botanical samplings, maps, reports and letters back to St. Louis while they and the rest of the Corps headed for the Pacific Ocean. her brother as well as some childhood friends resulting in a joyous and What kind of mammals and birds were encountered? On August 12, 1806, Lewis and Clark and their crews reunited and dropped off Sacagawea and her family at the Mandan villages. C.Sacagawea stayed on the Pacific coast for half a year. During the journey, she was reunited with her Shoshone brother, and with his help the group was able to survive a winter and obtain horses. He turned to his secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to head the Corps of Discovery. After their long and difficult journey, Sacagawea and Charbonneau returned to the Mandan village . For his service Charbonneau received 320 acres of land and $500.33; Sacagawea herself received no compensation. On February 11, 1805, she gave birth to a son, Jean Baptiste. While Lewis admired Sacagaweas poise in crisis, caring for her during a serious illness happened to fall to Clark. In fact, Chief Cameahwait was her brother! She traveled nearly half the trail carrying her infant on her back. She wanted to see the natural wonder with her own eyes. He studied medicine, botany, astronomy and zoology and scrutinized existing maps and journals of the region. Sacagawea is an extraordinary figure in the history of the American West. Three years later, in fall 1809, Sacagawea, Charbonneau and Baptiste ventured to St. Louis, where Charbonneau was taking the kind-hearted Clark up on an offer: Clark would provide the Charbonneau family with land to farm if the parents would agree to let Clark educate Baptiste. Sacagawea became one of his two wives and was soon pregnant. Historian Gary Moulton speculates that the name may have been added later, after Clark became better acquainted with her. Discovering Lewis & Clark.Corps of Discovery. Both men and their Indian wives moved into Fort Mandan. The expedition party included 45 souls including Lewis, Clark, 27 unmarried soldiers, a French-Indian interpreter, a contracted boat crew and an enslaved person owned by Clark named York. National Park Service: Lewis and Clark Expedition.The Native Americans. Lewis was made Governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark was appointed Brigadier General of Militia for Louisiana Territory and a federal Indian Agent. . Four days after that entry, the captains named a handsome river of about fifty yards in width the Sacagawea or bird womans River, after our interpreter the Snake woman.[9]Although it was known as Crooked Creek for many years, the name Sacagawea River has been restored. Michael Haynes, https://www.mhaynesart.com. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Discovering Lewis & Clark. Sacagawea was surprised and happy to recognize the Shoshones leader, Chief Cameahwait, as her brother, and they had an emotional reunion. Heat, swarms of insects and strong river currents made the trip arduous at best. What were some of the long-term results of the expedition? This leg of the journey proved to be the most difficult. In Hidatsa, Sacagawea (pronounced with a hard g) translates into Bird Woman. Alternatively, Sacajawea means Boat Launcher in Shoshone. Cameahwait met Meriwether Lewis and three other members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition on August 13, 1805. In 1803, under the threat of war, President Jefferson and James Monroe successfully negotiated a deal with France to purchase the Louisiana Territorywhich included about 827,000 square milesfor $15 million. https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/lewis-and-clark, surveying instruments including compasses, quadrants, telescope, sextants and a chronometer, camping supplies including oilcloth, steel flints, tools, utensils, corn mill, mosquito netting, fishing equipment, soap and salt. They resided in one of the Hidatsa villages, Metaharta. Many of the party suffered from frostbite, hunger, dehydration, bad weather, freezing temperatures and exhaustion. He never married or had children and died in 1809 of two gunshot wounds, possibly self-inflicted. Sacagawea was a highly skilled food gatherer. Discovering Lewis & Clark.Indian Peace Medals. . HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. When word of a washed-up whale carcass reached the Corps in 1806, Sacagawea insisted on accompanying the men to investigate. . A few years later, Sacagawea died, and Clark became her childrens guardian. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. State Museum and Store: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. M-F; Sat. They crossed through Montana and made their way to the Continental Divide via Lemhi Pass where, with Sacagaweas help, they purchased horses from the Shoshone. Nelson, W. Dale. . In the cage at Lewiss right a magpie adds its raucous voice to the mornings general clatter and chatter. His name was later replaced with that of William Clark,[23]Morris, 117. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); who paid for the raising and education of the children in St Louis. Along the way they confronted harsh weather, unforgiving terrain, treacherous waters, injuries, starvation, disease and both friendly and hostile Native Americans. Lewis and Clark returned to Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1806 and shared their experiences with President Jefferson. Who were the tribes the Lewis and Clark encountered in North Dakota? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Shortly after the birth of a daughter named Lisette, a woman identified only as Charbonneaus wife (but believed to be Sacagawea) died at the end of 1812 at Fort Manuel, near present-day Mobridge, South Dakota. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. 59.What can be inferred from the text? . Lewis will ship it back to President Jefferson on the barge (called the boat or barge but never the keelboat) the following spring. It is appropriate that Clark was the first to refer to her by name, because he developed much more of a protective friendship with the young mother and her child than did Lewis. Long bones of the upper leg, which are filled with fatty connective tissue where blood cells are produced. Sacagawea, also spelled Sacajawea, (born c. 1788, near the Continental Divide at the present-day Idaho-Montana border [U.S.]died December 20, 1812?, Fort Manuel, on the Missouri River, Dakota Territory), Shoshone Indian woman who, as interpreter, traveled thousands of wilderness miles with the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06), from the Mandan-Hidatsa villages in the Dakotas to the . . Of the trip, Clark waxed romantic about the oceanthe grandest and most pleasing prospects which my eyes ever surveyed, in my frount a boundless Ocean . All rights reserved. They bartered goods and presented the tribes leader with a Jefferson Indian Peace Medal, a coin engraved with the image of Thomas Jefferson on one side and an image of two hands clasped beneath a tomahawk and a peace pipe with the inscription, Peace and Friendship on the other. In a story seemingly out of Hollywood, Sakakawea was reunited with her Shoshone brother Cameahwait while accompanying the Corps of Discovery westward. the meeting of those people was really affecting, particularly between Sah ca-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her, and who had afterwards escaped from the [Hidatsas] and rejoined her nation. She was the daughter of the chief of the Lemhi Shoshone tribe, but not much is known about her parents and other family members. email: history@nd.gov, Social Media: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); of the Rock Mountain, purchased from the Indians by . Building Fort Clatsop. Others favour Sakakawea. . . Address: Thomas Jefferson Foundation: The Jefferson Monticello.Lemhi Valley to Fort Clatsop. Clark emptied his pockets and made gifts, but could not persuade the men to come outdoors and smoke with himan invitation given while freely entering their woven-mat lodges as if asked! Funded in part by a grant from the National Park Service, Challenge Cost Share Program. The Intertrepeter & Squar who were before me at Some distance danced for the joyful Sight, and She made signs to me that they were her nation . Ibid., 4:175n5. a frenchmen Came down. The captains promptly hired Charbonneau as their Hidatsa translator, and Ren Jusseaume as their temporary Mandan translator. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). . jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); The Sacagawea River empties into the Musselshell a few miles south of where the latter joins the Missouri in northeastern Montana. Clark used the name again when writing to Toussaint Charbonneau from the Arikara villages on the Missouri on 20 August 1806, to reiterate his invitation: . [19]Henry Marie Brackenridge, Views of Louisiana, Together with a Journal of a Voyage up the Missouri River, in 1811 (Pittsburgh: Cramer, Spear and Eichbaum, 1814), 202. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_135_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_135_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); Charbonneau went to work at Lisas Fort Manuel (south of todays Mobridge, South Dakota), but he often had to travel away for negotiations with Gros Ventres, Mandans, Hidatsas, Arikaras, and others.
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