These would not be able to clear out an Earth mass atmosphere or ocean, so if Earth suffered one such impact after having volatiles delivered by late accretion/early bombardment, the Moon could result. b.tensional forces E) where the comet came from. C) toward the Sun and disappears at perihelion. [61] Rocky planets, which have managed to coalesce, settle eventually into more or less stable orbits, explaining why planetary systems are generally packed to the limit; or, in other words, why they always appear to be at the brink of instability. the Frost Line). A) close to or at aphelion. C) lie beyond the orbit of Neptune, and close to the ecliptic. Moon Formation Theories & Overview | What is the Capture Theory? a. weight divided by the planet's radius E) the polar cap of Mars. Nebular hypothesis - Wikipedia Meteor showers are [2] One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. In some cases, we have seen extrasolar planets pass in front of their stars. Whereas the inner planets range from almost 0 degree tilt, others (like Earth and Mars) are tilted significantly (23.4 and 25, respectively), outer planets have tilts that range from Jupiters minor tilt of 3.13, to Saturn and Neptunes more pronounced tilts (26.73 and 28.32), to Uranus extreme tilt of 97.77, in which its poles are consistently facing towards the Sun. A meteorite is The tail of a comet always points During the late 19th century the Kant-Laplace views were criticized by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who showed that, if all the matter contained in the known planets had once been distributed around the Sun in the form of a disk, the shearing forces of differential rotation would have prevented the condensation of individual planets. Meteoric material dates the formation of the solar system at about ________ billion years. are almost circular with low eccentricities, Which of the following is not icy in composition? D) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. Baker, Gregory L. "Emanuel Swenborg an 18th century cosomologist". D) where the ecliptic is. E) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only, jupiter, saturn, uranus, and neptune only. d. a large meteorite impact Solar Nebular Hypothesis: Definition & Explanation - Study.com [20] Formation of both planets required merging of approximately 1020 embryos, while an equal number of them were thrown out of the Solar System. [2] It begins when only a small number of planetesimals remains and embryos become massive enough to perturb each other, which causes their orbits to become chaotic. The Oort Cloud lies closer to the Sun than the Kuiper Belt. According to the nebular theory, how did the solar system form? As. "Birth of the planets: The Earth and its fellow planets may be survivors from a time when planets ricocheted around the Sun like ball bearings on a pinball table", "Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog", "SPHERE Reveals Fascinating Zoo of Discs Around Young Stars", "Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems", "The evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "What Puts The Brakes On Madly Spinning Stars? As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins solar nebula, gaseous cloud from which, in the so-called nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system, the Sun and planets formed by condensation. E) a chunk of space debris orbiting the Earth. a) should be a common result of star formation. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. The core grew large rapidly and triggered gas collapse onto the planet from the disk, a large factor being the stickiness of ices at the grain stage. Laplace imagined that the planets had condensed from the primitive solar atmosphere, which originally extended far beyond the limits of the present-day system. The Solar Nebular Hypothesis The solar nebular hypothesis describes the formation of our solar system from a nebula cloud made from a collection of dust and gas. The rotations of planets, moons and other bodies are inherited from the rotation of the ancient gas cloud from which they formed. Star Classification Types & Luminosity Class | How are Stars Classified? This causes increased gravitational attraction which in turn causes more matter to come together and vice versa. a. only Jupiter and Saturn 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. Here is a brief outline of the current theory of the events in the early history of the solar system: A cloud of interstellar gas and/or dust (the "solar nebula") is disturbed and collapses under its own gravity. a. the Oort cloud. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. b. caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Some of these irregularities have to do with the existence of hot Jupiters that orbit closely to their stars with periods of just a few days. D) Giotto. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets: a. should be a common result of star formation b. should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator c. should be randomly oriented to their stars equator d. will resolve opposite the star's rotation e. should be extremely rare a. should be a common result of star fomration Astronomers have not yet been able to detect planets outside our solar system. the ________. Another method is the Radial Velocity Methods, which looks for the periodic doppler shifts in the star's spectral lines as it moves about the center of mass. Accretion Theory & Process | What is the Process of Accretion? our solar system formed from the collapse of an interstellar cloud of gas and dust. E) a flattened belt of cometary nuclei just beyond the orbit of Neptune. A) only Jupiter and Saturn The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight - Nebular hypothesis, solar system: Differentiation into inner and outer planets, solar system: The Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. B) The denser planets lie closer to the Sun. E) with the others, between Mars and Jupiter; their red color gives them their name. C) NEAR. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. B) the great nebula found just below the belt stars of Orion. A) Galileo. astronomy exam study assignment 6 Flashcards | Quizlet B) terrestrials with very elongated, distant orbits like comets. If a comet's ion tail is pointing perpendicular to its direction of travel, the comet is A) slower due to conservation of angular momentum. Chapter 8 Concept Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet a. a micrometeorite impact. [28] This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. The most detailed look we've had of an asteroid comes from Why is the solar nebula theory considered a theory rather than a hypothesis? So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly: b. large jovians very close to theiri star. The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova. The latter case corresponds to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk. Nebular Hypothesis and Formation of the Planets of our Solar System According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets a) should be a common result of star formation. Both types of planet begun with planetesimals growing through the process of accretion, but only the jovian planets were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula. what does the flatness of the rotation curve shown here reveal about this galaxy? A) have the Sun at their exact center. c. the satellite system of Jupiter. A) spins faster due to conservation of angular momentum. large asteroid impacting the Yucatan peninsula area, Meteor showers are the result of collisions between asteroids, Carbonaceous asteroids contain fragile organic molecules. B) meteoroids Which of the following have an icy composition? In 1755 the German philosopher Immanuel Kant suggested that a nebula in slow rotation, gradually pulled together by its own gravitational force and flattened into a spinning disk, gave birth to the Sun and planets. [79], Use of the term "accretion disk" for the protoplanetary disk leads to confusion over the planetary accretion process. b. false, The Manicouagan reservoir near Quebec is an example of: B) jovian satellites AST 111 Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. a. Saturn [66] This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. For several decades most astronomers preferred the so-called collision theory, in which the planets were considered to have been formed as a result of a close approach to the Sun by some other star. Another objection was that the Sun possesses less angular momentum (dependent on the total mass, its distribution, and the speed of rotation) than the theory seemed to require. b. a few kilometers in size, and very low in density. [28][31][68] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. A) Their images become blurry due to outgassing as the Sun heats them up. b. the Kuiper belt (ASs well as the direct collapse scenario.) B) most asteroids [69] Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion. C) are evenly spaced throughout the solar system. d. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater, probably the one made by the giant impact. The Trojan asteroids are found quiz 8 Flashcards | Chegg.com E) receiving radio transmissions from them, much like Jupiter emits. How do these meteorites support the nebular theory's scenario for the formation of the terrestrial planets? The general explanation tend to be the accretion process, where the tilt would be randomized. C) a few kilometers in size, and very low in density. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Scientists Identify the Source of the Moons Water, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_disc_and_gas_streams_around_HD_142527_%28Animation%29.ogg/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_disc_and_gas_streams_around_HD_142527_%28Animation%29.ogg.480p.webm. [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. The shells would lead to a more frequent 2nd generation of massive stars with a lifetime of 10-100 million years or so. [78] Alternatively gas accretion may be limited due to the envelopes not being in hydrostatic equilibrium, instead gas may flow through the envelope slowing its growth and delaying the onset of runaway gas accretion until the mass of the core reaches 15 Earth masses. In this book, almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and many were solved. A) the Earth's atmosphere interferes with our observations of transits. A) Saturn. B) closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth. B) they contain pristine material from the solar nebula. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. [20] During this stage embryos expel remaining planetesimals, and collide with each other. Comets are not actually members of the solar system, but have been captured by the Sun. Planetary transits of exoplanets are rare because Describe the processes that took place according to the solar nebula theory and specifically how it came to be that we have a star and planets rotating around that star and the orbital motion of. According to modern science, which of the following best explains why the vast majority of the mass of our solar system consists of hydrogen and helium gas? the core of a differntiated asteroid, now broken up. Convection Zone of the Sun Overview & Process | How Hot is the Center of the Sun? [68] The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. Hr. In Nebular Theory, the Sun originated in a Nebula. According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen giant molecular clouds (GMC). While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe, and has been used to explain the formation of many of the exoplanets that have been discovered throughout our galaxy. After reviewing this lesson, you should have the ability to: 28 chapters | As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 The planet will probably have several satellites. The cells in connective tissue that forms new fibers are the _______. The nebular hypothesis has thus become the prevailing theory of the origin of the solar system. d. cout << "! C) more icy. b. N2S3\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{~S}_3N2S3 a. the direction of the Sun So the transition from the geocentric view and eternal state the way things are evolved with appreciation of dinosaurs and plate tectonics too and then refining the nebular idea the Nice model the Grand Tack model alittle more? A) between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus The collapse of an interstellar cloud into a disk, Kants central idea was that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed particles. The solar nebula is a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that condensed to form the entire solar system, including the sun and planets. The influence of giant planets in the Solar System, particularly that of Jupiter, is thought to have been limited because they are relatively remote from the terrestrial planets. The process by which small debris condenses into planetesimals is ________. [57] The second possibility is the core accretion model, which is also known as the nucleated instability model. c. caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an old short-period comet It was during this time, from the 16th to 18th centuries, that astronomers and physicists began to formulate evidence-based explanations of how our Sun, the planets, and the Universe began. In which of the four regions shown in the diagram did it form? According to current theory, the formation of the planets of our solar system occurred as a result of collisions between increasingly large bodies of matter within a flattened cloud of matter circling the early Sun, known as a protoplanetary disk. In this context, accretion refers to the process of cooled, solidified grains of dust and ice orbiting the protostar in the protoplanetary disk, colliding and sticking together and gradually growing, up to and including the high-energy collisions between sizable planetesimals.
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