Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). Chemical Composition and Health Attributes of Agri-Foods: A Scientific In another study, the same investigators used 2 breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF-7 cells as an estrogen-responsive model and MDA-MB-231 as an estrogen-negative model (30). As reviewed by Boyer and Liu (1), there were several reports prior to 2004 demonstrating that AP intake was associated with reduced risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer in cohort and case-control studies. It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture. I. Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. These findings were consistent with prior data showing reduced coronary mortality in elderly Dutch men (6584 y) who consumed apples (average 69 g/d) compared to men who had little or no apple intake (35). It has been shown that the estrogen decline associated with menopause is linked to increased production of inflammatory mediators within the bone microenvironment. The in vitro findings align with the results of animal studies, demonstrating that apple extracts modulate the cell cycle, an important mechanistic explanation of the observed effects of AP on mammary tumor inhibition. The widespread and growing intake of apples and apple juice/products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. Comparing anatomy, chemical composition, and water permeability of (17) used a well-established rat model of chemically induced colonic damage (using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine) to examine alterations associated with colon cancer and to test the effects of AP. The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. These include the diet-related conditions of hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, and stroke (33). Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. I thank Sue Taylor and Stacie Haaga for their helpful discussion and review. The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. The data were based on dietary assessment questionnaires from a prospective cohort of 478,590 male and female participants in 23 centers from 10 European countries. It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). Fermented apple juice extract had an antiproliferative effect in both cell lines, particularly in the LT97 cells, suggesting a greater effect on precancerous than cancer cells. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. This work proposes a potential mechanism by which AP, particularly metabolites related to AP exposure, might exert anticarcinogenic effects in the colon. A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. In vitro work in cultured human intestinal cells suggested that AP may directly alter lipid absorption and metabolism (49). In many of these studies, dietary intake was quantified using diet history or FFQ followed by tests for a statistical link between disease risk and defined strata of AP or AP-flavonoid consumption. Apples and AP 3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. Example 3.4. In general, AP are among the top 3 or 4 dietary sources of total phenolics consumed in America and worldwide (79). A different study, using rats injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane, known to cause a range of morphological changes including carcinoma, found protective effects of an extract of apple procyanidins provided to the animals in their drinking water for 6 wk (19). Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. Fresh apple intake (26/wk) tended to be protective but was not significant for a dose-response relationship. Several extracellular stimuli, including oxidative stress, bacteria, viruses, inflammatory cytokines, and others, are known to activate NF-B by release of an inhibitory protein, I-B. Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats, Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Chemopreventive properties of apple procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Polyphenolic apple juice extracts and their major constituents reduce oxidative damage in human colon cell lines, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels, Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells, Apple polyphenols affect protein kinase C activity and the onset of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells, Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, Colonic availability of apple polyphenols: a study in ileostomy subjects, Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts, Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague Dawley rat, Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-B activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation, Effect of apple extracts on NF-{kappa}B activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity, Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2008 statistics update at a glance, Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study, Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen Elderly Study, Effects of apple consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in elderly subjects, Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma, Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes, The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids, Efficiency of apples, strawberries, and tomatoes for reduction of oxidative stress in pigs as a model for humans, Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects, Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from Reddened Cv. The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. Adapted with permission from (4). In a combined investigation using cell and animal models to mimic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug injury, cultured gastric epithelial cells (MKN 28 from a human gastric tubular adenocarcinoma) were exposed to oxidative stress via 2- to 3-h exposure to xanthine oxidase and live rats were subjected to indomethacin, each with or without treatment with phenolic-rich extracts of freeze-dried apple (flesh only).
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